Advertising in the 21st century unit 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising in the 21st century unit 8 - Essay Example This kind of media can help to pull in peoples imaginations. This is the best way to enable people interact intellectually with the services being offered, hence there is likelihood Emirates Airline Services will be in top of mind when customers require flight services. However, unlike television, the radio is just background noise heard while at work or when driving. It is also expensive as compared to media such as the internet. Thirdly, Emirates Airline use company publications. The publications include newsletters and magazines. Unlike other forms of media, which have risen in prices, publications are within the scope of affordability. They have permanence unlike the television, and radio and enable people to refer to the advert when confirming company phone numbers or even a website. The advert must be good and attractive to capture people’s attention. It is also available to smaller number of people. Fourthly, the company uses the internet as a form of advertisement. Use of search engine advertising using the organization’s website has grown rapidly. It is the fastest growing sector in the advertising industry. Potential customers visit search engine in search of different products and services on organization’s websites. In using this form of media, Emirates Airline will be able to operate 24 hours and 7days a week. Internet reaches customers worldwide. Organization’s internet adverts remain for quite sometime without change. To amend organization site and advert is simple and faster. However online marketing is not free as an organization may imagine. The cost of software, hardware, web site design, online distribution costs and maintenance is costly. The most effective media used by Emirates Airline is advertising using the internet. The advert is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Further, their customers are worldwide and internet makes it possible to access them. Furthermore, internet

Evaluating Speaker Credibility Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluating Speaker Credibility - Assignment Example Her observations in her job as a policewoman greatly influence her beliefs such that it makes her trustworthy in speaking about the issue. 2. Citing evidences from the US Supreme Court cases helps enhance her persuasiveness. On the other hand, the evidences may not be effective in defending her opinions especially in delivering her speech. If she does not seem confident in delivering all the facts that she was able to gather, her advocacy may be stronger and more trustworthy. Death penalty for juveniles is a critical issue. Her confidence in delivering the facts demonstrates her own beliefs. If she looks hesitant, then, it only shows how unsure she is of her own findings and beliefs. 3. Darlene’s experiences in the juvenile crime unit contribute to her credibility to speak about the topic, as much as the evidences she obtained based from the US Supreme Court. Although she may appear hesitant in presenting these facts, the obvious reason that she had been through close encounters with the victims of such issue is already enough for her to become sincere in her convictions. Her responsibility, which is believed to arrest law offenders, also allows her to be an advocate of a law that recognizes human rights. 4. In order to convince people that one is credible to speak of an issue or even just his own opinion, he must be well-aware of these evidences and therefore must be confident in delivering them to the public. Darlene must study in detail the facts that she should present. She should also be able to connect the facts presented into different areas that also concern the issue in order to strengthen her convictions. This would give the audience the idea that she knows exactly what she is talking

Analysis of the Public and Private Sports Industry

Analysis of the Public and Private Sports Industry Public, private and voluntary sectors in the sports industry, advantages and disadvantages of the leisure centre being in the public sector, how the local leisure centre can meet the aim of getting more local clubs to use its facilities. Introduction â€Å"Since the opportunity to participate in sport or recreation requires facilities, the central task of organisations, and associated individuals, is to provide a service which focuses on people and which satisfies that need.†[1] The sports industry has changed beyond all recognition since the beginning of the 1990’s in each of the public, private and voluntary sectors. The impetus has come from top level government policy with the creation of the UK Sports Council and the formation of the chief sporting bodies such as Sport England offering both funding and structure to the previously ad hoc nature of leisure and recreation in modern Britain. Moreover, the lure of professional sport has also irrevocably changed in tandem with the structural changes in amateur sport with the result that there is, at the dawn of the twenty first century, more people are taking an active part in sport, which has further increased the pressure on local services such as leisure centres. There are though vast differences between the way that the public and private sector sports providers are run and funded as shall now become apparent. The Private Sector With regards to the sports industry, the private sector refers to those leisure services that are funded by private capital and open only to private membership. This can mean anything from specialist professional sports clubs to health and fitness clubs to local sports teams that have been established and sponsored by local and national businesses alike. The advantages of this kind of sporting industry are predominantly economic with the funding of private sports clubs historically far outstripping the economic resources available to equivalent public sector sports services. Certainly in the 1970’s and 1980’s, private sector sports industries were far more popular and productive than their public sector counterparts mirrored in the elevated sporting achievements of private school sporting institutions as opposed to the relative failings of the same public (comprehensive) school sports bodies. There are, however, inherent disadvantages to sports and leisure services that rely exclusively on the private sector for funding. First and foremost, there are no guarantees that the source of that funding will remain constant for any fixed length of time. Benefactors are subject to the ups and downs of the free market economy, which can result in sharp reductions as well as rises in the level of funding provided. In addition, any leisure service that is inexorably tied to the private sector also inevitably suffers from the lack of community spirit that can only be adequately garnered through association with the local public authorities. Thus, while the advantages to sports services in the private sector appear on the surface to be all encompassing, the reality is that the lack of stability that characterises all facets of the private sector economy hampers the sustained growth and popularity. The Public Sector â€Å"We know that sport can make a positive contribution to national morale, health and the economy. We believe that it can enhance community spirit, equality of opportunity, personal development and social integration.†[2] As the above quotation from the UK Sports Council in 1992 attests, the government has radically altered the way in which it views sport and the national leisure industry. The leisure industry is no longer seen as a vehicle through which to achieve solely sporting success; rather, sport within the corridors of power in Westminster is now seen as a way of combating such issues as obesity, social exclusion and perceived self‑competence. â€Å"Sports are vehicles of identity, providing people with a sense of difference and a way of classifying themselves and others.†[3] As a direct result, funding within the public sector has seen a sharp, unprecedented rise since the early 1990’s with the government acting as the focal point behind this increase in official spending. An investment of  £1.5 billion over the next five years by way of state sponsored assistance has been promised by Westminster to further increase the organisational structures and performance levels of adult and child athletes who train and practice within the public sector. This money, bolstered by funding generated from institutions such as the National Lottery, is delegated to local sports authorities within Sport England, Sport Wales, Sport Scotland or Sport Northern Ireland and injected into the local community. Furthermore, local government spends approximately  £1 billion per year on sport and leisure, which is more than 50% of the total resources available to sport. This financial injection is far beyond any investment proposed by private capital; in fact, because of this large economic discrepancy, the private sector has increasingly sought to form a partnership with the public sector in order to be associated with the vast increase in interest in sport as witnessed in recent years. Moreover, public sector sports services also get to reap the rewards of the government’s efforts at placing the country on the international sporting map. The 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and, more significantly, the 2012 Olympic Games to be held in London will prove to be long term sources of investment for all those with an active interest in public sector sporting services. Not only has funding vastly increased (with the cost to the government estimated to be in excess of  £1 billion for the 2012 Games), the facilities that have been and are being constructed are open to the public after the completion of the official competition. In Manchester this has served to open up a city centre swimming pool, an athletics track and a football stadium for use within the public sector. The results for London are likely to be much more wholesale than in Manchester. Moreover, as the new facilities and funding increase, so the burgeoning association between national identity, l ocal and central government and sport is further cemented. This has helped to push people into participating in public as opposed to private sports services, representing a significant turnaround from previous decades. Like private sector sporting institutions, public sector services are similarly riddled with pros and cons. The most obvious advantage at the present time is the aforementioned increase in public authority funding and facilities open to the public sector, exacerbated by a media that constantly underlines the partnership taking place between local government and sport. This is, however, a double edged sword as the major disadvantage to public sector sports services concerns the very nature of government. Ultimately, just because it has suited New Labour to promote participation in recreation and sport is not to state that the Tories would necessarily feel the same. Thus, public sector sports are subject to the same ups and down and insecurities that beset the private sector. The Voluntary Sector Voluntary organisations rely heavily upon both the community and private enterprises for funding; they therefore straddle the boundaries that have traditionally separated the public and private sectors. Once more, though, it is the unprecedented rise in government funding that has been the voluntary sector’s greatest asset. The revamped Department for Culture, Media and Sport set up the Community Club Development Programme (CCDP) specifically to deal with the funding problems regarding the facilities and personnel required for the successful operation of volunteer sports clubs. The CCDP will provide  £100 million to National Sports Governing Bodies by March 2008 for the construction and continuation of community based sports clubs. Advantages to this kind of sporting authority centre upon the lack of reliance solely upon the public or the private sector, while conversely, at the same time, the lack of constant source of funding makes the voluntary sector the most vulnerable within the current social and political climate. Conclusion There are vast disparities between the public and private sectors with the local voluntary leisure centre enjoying the benefits of both worlds. For as long as the current climate favours the sports and recreation industry, the community leisure centre will continue to reap the rewards of a society renewing a relationship with exercise that had previously become stale. At present there is an excess of people interested in taking part in leisure and sport that is wholly to the benefit of local leisure centres that are able to charge admission fees that are significantly less than those on offer in the private sector. In addition, excessive government funding signals that the economic means at the public and voluntary sectors are currently vastly superior to those of the private sector. However, in the final analysis, one should not presume that the imbalance in favour of the public sector will remain as it is indefinitely. Should leisure and sport once again find themselves on the peri phery of popular culture, we would surely see a reversal of contemporary trends with the balance tipped heavily in the private sector’s favour as is the case with health and education services. Politics, like economics, is subject to sweeping changes in a very short space of time. References Biddle, S., Sallis, J. and Cavill, N. (Eds.) (1998), Young and Active? Young People and Health Enhancing Physical Activity: Evidence and Implications London: Health Education Authority Elvin, I.T. (1990), Sport and Physical Recreation London: Longman Horne, J., Tomlinson, A. and Whannel, G. (2000), Understanding Sport: An Introduction to the Sociological and Cultural Analysis of Sport London: E FN SPON Hylton, K. (Ed.) (2001) Sports Development: Policy, Process and Practice London: Routledge MacClancey, J. (1996) Sport, Identity and Ethnicity Oxford: Berg Sport in the Nineties – New Horizons: a Draft Consultation (1992) London: UK Sports Council Footnotes [1] Elvin, I.T. (1990), Sport and Physical Recreation London: Longman, p.6 [2] Sport in the Nineties – New Horizons: a Draft Consultation (1992) London: UK Sports Council, p.75 [3] MacClancey, J. (1996) Sport, Identity and Ethnicity, Oxford: Berg, p.2

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) - Will it Protect Inv

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board; Will it Protect Investors?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) was created by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This board was created to oversee the audit of public companies, subject to the securities laws, in order to protect the interests of investors (15 USC 7201, 2002). It was created in wake of the recent financial scandals of Enron, WorldCom, and Global Crossing to name a few. This â€Å"Act† established by Congress is to create an oversight board, so that such scandals will never occur again. Will this oversight board work and will its work restore public confidence and encourage individuals to invest in the stock market again?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The PCAOB is not a tax-payer funded agency. It is supported by over 8800 companies and mutual funds that benefit from independent audits (Epstein). The PCAOB principle duties are; 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Register public accounting firms that prepare audits. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish and/or adopt standards relating to the preparation of audit reports for issuers. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conduct inspections of registered public accounting firms. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conduct investigations and disciplinary proceedings. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promote high professional standards and improve the quality of audit services offered by registered public accounting firms. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enforce compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley act (15 USC 7201, 2002). Before the establishment of Sarbanes-Oxley and the PCAOB, there was no oversight board. Public accounting firms would perform â€Å"peer reviews† to verify that audits were being performed with due diligence. However, these reviews were not high priority, thus uncovering errors/negligence made by the public accounting firms by peers were rarely discovered. It was only after the massive failures of Enron and WorldCom that this gross negligence by the public accounting firm performing the audit came to light. It was clear that an independent review board was necessary to ensure due diligence is being followed when a public accounting firm audits a corporation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The PCAOB will examine yearly those public accounting firms with more than 100 publicly-traded audit clients. All others will be examined every three years. Any violations of Sarbanes-Oxley or SEC and the PCAOB may fine or disqualify firms from public accounting audits (Epstein). The power to fine or disqualify a public accounting firm from ... ...g profession.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is still too early to tell if the PCAOB will be effective or not. Only time will tell if the actions of the PCAOB and the public accounting firms will restore investor confidence to invest in the stock market, again. Works Cited â€Å"Accountability in the Era of Global Markets.† The Fletcher School. Feb. 2004: Tufts University. 16 May 2004. Calabro, Lori. â€Å"New Attestation Standards for Internal Controls Put More Power in the Hands of Auditors.† CFO Magazine. May 2004: Economist.com. Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004 . Epstein, Jonathan. â€Å"Watchdog Says Accounting Firms Have Much to do to Restore Credibility.† Buffalo News. 19 April 2004: Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004 . Griggs, Linda L. â€Å"Audits of Internal Control over Financial Reporting: What do they Mean?† Prentice Hall Law & Business Insights. 29 April 2004: Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004 . Michaels, Adrian. â€Å"Accountants Urged to take Moral Stand.† Financial Times. 19 Dec. 2004: Financial Time Limited. Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Pub. L. 107-204. 30 July 2002. Stat. 116.745

Confusion and Anxiety in Robert Frost’s Poems Essay

During his lifetime, Robert Frost wrote poems that relate the confusion, anxiety, and struggles of the human mind. In his poems, he depicts how people’s minds may be imbued by confusion and anxiety as they experience pain and explore life’s possibilities. Particularly, in â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night,† the poet illustrates how thee two themes can lead a person to attempt to escape reality and give up one’s life. The two poems share similar elements, one of which is the persona. Both poems form the image of a confused person, someone filled with much anxiety. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† the author makes an analogy between the persona’s situation in the woods and real life decisions one has to make in life. As the persona chooses between the two roads in front of him, he wants some assurance that the road or decision he will make is right. Seeing that both roads look the same, he is quite confused which one to take. Nonetheless, he takes the road which he describes to be untraveled. Likewise, the persona in â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† suffers from confusion; but unlike the other, his confusion is worse and more intense, somehow similar to a dilemma. The way the author presents this is also climactic. First, he mentions the journey that he has taken, â€Å"I have walked out in rain — and back in rain. I have outwalked the furthest city light. I have looked down the saddest city lane. (2-4) These journeys have made the persona weary and confused, which is why he claims to have been â€Å"acquainted with the night. † The night in the first stanza refers to the different images of the night that people are usually aware of. As he reveals in his journeys, there is the image of night based on its literal meaning, the image of night as the darkness or confusion, then there is also the image relating to sorrow and emptiness. As the two poems relate the journeys they take, the time element of the poems becomes significant. In the first poem, the persona describes a momentary confusion that could affect his lifetime. The decision he makes that time would reveal other realities he will face in the future. This shows the tendency of the persona to persevere and move on, despite obstructions along the road. In contrast, the persona in the second poem imparts a confused state that has long existed. As he reveals, he has been to many places, and has experienced a lot of sadness, thus he has been â€Å"acquainted with the night. † This ailing confusion makes him decide to stop, as he relates, â€Å"I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. † This shows the desire of the persona to stop the confusion, or end the sorrow, which similarly suggests a desire for death. This is the very reason why the first line is repeated in the last stanza: to establish a different meaning of â€Å"night. † The luminary clock in line 12 is time itself, with all its abstractness. As it declares that â€Å"time was neither wrong nor right,† it tells the persona that it is not yet the right time for him to die, and in fact, it cannot declare whether it is the wrong time either for no one can actually predict death. Notably, as the persona confronts all these confusions, he implies the desire to discontinue, unlike the other persona who is more optimistic about his fate. As the personas in the poem think about their present struggles, they experience some anxieties. In the first poem, the persona expresses his anxiety regarding the road ahead of him, â€Å"I doubted if I should ever come back. † (15) In the real sense, he is anxious of the challenges he needs to face in life as he takes the untraveled road. In the second poem, the persona shows anxiety regarding sorrow and death. As he desires and waits for death to come, he apprehends and takes note of its coming in another person’s house â€Å"far away an interrupted cry came over houses from another street. † (8-9) It is not clear how the persona feels about his failure to die, but this thought adds up to his anxieties. The themes of confusion and anxiety are commonly illustrated in the two poems based on the mental processes that the personas undergo. As both personas undergo these experiences, there shows a tendency to digress or escape their present confusion. In the first poem, the persona wishes to elude the road he has taken but realizes there is no turning back while in the other, the persona tries to escape his sorrows by welcoming death. As both personas fail to give up their present realities, the author intentionally imparts a unified message to his readers; that is, no matter how confusing or challenging life is, taking up our journey is still the wisest option. Works Cited Frost, Robert. â€Å"Acquainted with the Night. † 1923. In New Hampshire. 12 May 2009 . Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † (n. d. ). Poets. org. 12 May 2009 .

Longman Communication 3000 Essay

The Longman Communication 3000 is a list of the 3000 most frequent words in both spoken and written English, based on statistical analysis of the 390 million words contained in the Longman Corpus Network – a group of corpuses or databases of authentic English language. The Longman Communication 3000 represents the core of the English language and shows students of English which words are the most important for them to learn and study in order to communicate effectively in both speech and writing. Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network shows that these 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English account for 86% of the language. This means that by knowing this list of words, a learner of English is in a position to understand 86% or more of what he or she reads. Of course, â€Å"knowing† a word involves more than simply being able to recognise it and know a main meaning of it. Many of the most frequent words have a range of different meanings, a variety of different grammatical patterns, and numerous significant collocations. Nonetheless, a basic understanding of the Longman Communication 3000 is a very powerful tool and will help students develop good comprehension and communication skills in English. ‘This [frequency] information is gold dust for the language learner. LDOCE shows in graphic and immediate form which words are really worth learning and knowing how to use.’ Jeremy Harmer, ELT author These frequency markers added to the headwords in the dictionary give users access to a wealth of information that can help the selection of the appropriate word or phrase in a variety of situations. Not only are the words and meanings given descriptive labels, for example formal or informal, AmE (American English) or BrE (British English), humorous, old-fashioned, but now they have the added information about relative frequency in spoken and written language. Take for example the verb book (in the meaning of book a table at a restaurant). It is marked as S2 – one of the top 2000 words of spoken English. Note that is has no marker for written English because according to corpus analysis, it is not part of the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. However, the entry also indicates that a synonym for book is reserve which is in the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. The conclusion to be drawn from this is that in speaking (for instance when phoning a hotel or restaurant), book is the most appropriate verb to use when asking for a room or table to be kept for you. In writing, however, it would be more appropriate to use reserve. ‘There are two distinct modes of English: thoughtful, accurate and more formal, reflected mostly by written English; and spontaneous, real-time, less formal language, typified by spontaneous speech and some informal writing.’ Professor Geoffrey Leech, Emeritus Professor of English Language and Linguistics – University of Lancaster To ensure that users have access to the appropriate information, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English marks all the words that are in the Longman Communication 3000 in red accompanied by special symbols: W1 , W2 , and W3 for words that are in the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most frequent words in written English, and S1 , S2 and S3 for the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most frequent words in spoken English. Nowadays, many learner’s dictionaries include information about the most frequent words in English, but Longman dictionaries are the only ones to highlight the differences between spoken and written frequency. Learning a language can be exciting, but also sometimes difficult and frustrating because there are so many things to learn and it is difficult to know what to focus on. The frequency markers that identify the Longman Communication 3000 help students see clearly which words are frequent in written and spoken English, and enable them to focus more attention on mastering the meanings, grammatical patterns and collocations of these words.

Fraternities Essays - North-American Interfraternity Conference

Fraternities Essays - North-American Interfraternity Conference Fraternities RESEARCH PAPER A fraternity, as defined by the The American Heritage Dictionary is "a chiefly social organization of male college students, usually designated by Greek letters."(pg. 523) This definition, however, is very limited and leaves plenty of space for short sighted people to believe the stereotype conveyed by the popular media, where fraternity members are depicted as drunks who accomplish nothing either scholastically or socially. Unfortunately, both this definition and media portrayals fail to mention the fact that membership in a fraternity is a life-long experience that helps its members develop social, organizational, and study skills during college, and that teaches true, everlasting friendship. As a matter of fact, fraternities have a long tradition of high academic achievement, and most of our nation's presidents were members of a Greek association. According to Irving Klepper, the first fraternity (Phi Beta Kappa) was founded for "social and literary purposes" at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia on December 5th 1776. After half a century of existence, it became and has since remained a scholarship honor society. Throughout the nineteenth century, many new fraternities were founded, but none of these were permanent. Then, in 1825, the Kappa Alpha Fraternity (now Kappa Alpha Society) was born at Union College. Two years later, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi had been founded at the same college, constituting the so-called Union Triad which was, in a large measure, the pattern for the American Fraternity system. By the end of the nineteenth century there were over thirty general fraternities in this country (pg. 18). Today's fraternities still have all the characteristics and precepts of the their past fraternities: "the charm and mystery of secrecy, a ritual, oaths of fidelity, a grip, a motto, a badge, a background of high idealism, a strong tie of friendship and comradeship, and urge for sharing its values through nationwide expansion." (Klepper pg. 18) In addition, today's fraternities help their members develop many skills which are used in and out of college. During membership in a fraternity, one must learn leadership skills, because the chapter has to be run in a business-like manner and because it embraces different offices (President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Scribe, etc..) which are held by its members. These offices closely resemble the ones of real business. Additionally, since membership in a fraternity is seen as a great achievement by other Greek associations' members, every brother must be able to uphold that office at any time. Organization is a must for every member of a fraternity. Fund raising activities and community service always have a high priority in every chapter, and each member is required to organize and/or take part in many of these activities as a pledge, a brother and an alumnus. This helps individuals within the group to develop organization and planning. In addition, since the fraternity might be located in a house, each brother must learn household organization for his brothers well being. Fraternities are famous for their energetic social gatherings (parties) which require all of their members to be socially active and outspoken when the occasion calls for it. This helps fraternity members develop very strong social skills. Since the act of one member reflects over the acts of all the others, self-control and awareness of actions are mandatory. In addition, when the brothers live in fraternity houses, this adds to the development of social skills in the way that a member must be able to deal and live with different kinds of people in different situations. Since there are people of different scholastic levels in a fraternity, the member of the fraternity have access to a great deal of knowledge on many different school subjects. It is normal for fraternities to organize study groups regularly during the school year and especially before exams. In addition, members might also use the opinion and advice of other members about the faculty in their favor, and most fraternities keep test files and other such study aids available for the benefit of their members. Most fraternity members are also eligible to receive a number of different scholarships and awards based on academic excellence, leadership, and personal achievement which can contribute to both the resume and the self-esteem of the person receiving such an honor. Fraternities

Macbeth Summary

'Macbeth' Summary William Shakespeare’s Macbeth takes place in Scotland in the 11th century AD, and it tells the story of Macbeth, thane of Glamis, and of his ambition to become king. This Shakespearian tragedy is loosely based on historical sources, namely Holinshed’s Chronicles, and there is historical documentation on several characters, including Macbeth, Duncan, and Malcolm. It’s unclear whether the character of Banquo really existed. While the Chronicles depict him as an accomplice to Macbeth’s murderous actions, Shakespeare portrays him as an innocent character. Overall, Macbeth is not known for its historical accuracy, but for the portrayal of the effects of blind ambition in people. Act I Scottish generals Macbeth and Banquo have just defeated the allied forces of Norway and Ireland, which were led by the traitorous Macdonwald. As Macbeth and Banquo wander onto a heath, they are greeted by the Three Witches, who offer them prophecies. Banquo challenges them first, so they address Macbeth: they hail him as Thane of Glamis,† his current title and then Thane of Cawdor, adding that he will also be king. Banquo then asks of his own fortunes, the witches respond enigmatically, saying that he will be less than Macbeth, yet happier, less successful, yet more. Most importantly, they tell him that he will father a line of kings, though he himself will not be one. The witches vanish soon after, and the two men wonder at these pronouncements. Then, however, another thane, Ross, arrives and informs Macbeth that he has been bestowed the title of Thane of Cawdor.  This means that the first prophecy is fulfilled, and Macbeth’s initial skepticism turns into ambition. King Duncan welcomes and praises Macbeth and Banquo, and declares that he will spend the night at Macbeths castle at  Inverness; he also names his son Malcolm as his heir. Macbeth sends a message ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her about the witches prophecies. Lady Macbeth unwaveringly wishes for her husband to murder the king so he can usurp the throne, to the point that she answers his objections by casting doubts on his manhood. Eventually, she manages to convince him to kill the king that same night. The two get Duncans two chamberlains drunk so that the next morning they can easily blame the chamberlains for the murder.  Ã‚     Act II   Still plagued by doubts and by hallucinations, including a bloody dagger, Macbeth stabs King Duncan in his sleep. He is so upset that Lady Macbeth has to take charge, and frames Duncans sleeping servants for the murder by placing bloody daggers on them. The following morning, Lennox, a Scottish nobleman, and Macduff, the loyal Thane of Fife, arrive at Inverness, and Macduff is the one who discovers Duncans body. Macbeth murders the guards so they cannot profess their innocence, but claims he did so in a fit of anger over their misdeeds. Duncans sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, respectively, fearing they might be targets too, but their flight frames them as suspects. As a consequence, Macbeth assumes the throne as the new King of Scotland as a kinsman of the dead king. On this occasion, Banquo recalls the witches prophecy about how his own descendants would inherit the throne. This makes him suspicious of Macbeth.   Act III Meanwhile Macbeth, who remembers the prophecy concerning Banquo, remains uneasy, so he invites him to a royal banquet, where he discovers that Banquo and his young son, Fleance, will be riding out that night. Suspecting Banquo of being suspicious of him, Macbeth arranges to have him and Fleance murdered by hiring assassins, who succeed in killing Banquo, but not Fleance. This enrages Macbeth, as he fears that his power won’t be safe as long as a heir of Banquo lives.  At a banquet, Macbeth is visited by Banquos ghost who sits in Macbeths place. Macbeth’s reaction startles the guests, as the ghost is only visible to him: they see their king panicking at an empty chair. Lady Macbeth has to tell them that her husband is merely afflicted with a familiar and harmless malady. The ghost departs and returns once more, causing the same riotous anger and fear in Macbeth. This time, Lady Macbeth tells the lords to leave, and they do so.   Act IV   Macbeth pays visits to the witches again in order to learn the truth of their prophecies to him. In response to that, they conjure horrible apparitions: an armored head, which tells him to beware of Macduff;  a bloody child telling him that no one born of a woman will be able to harm him; next, a crowned child holding a tree stating that Macbeth will be safe until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Since all men are born from women and forests cannot move, Macbeth is initially relieved. Macbeth also asks whether Banquos sons will ever reign in Scotland. The witches conjure a procession of eight crowned kings, all similar in appearance to Banquo, the last one carrying a mirror reflecting even more kings: they are all Banquos descendants having acquired kingship in numerous countries. After the witches leave, Macbeth learns that Macduff has fled to England, and so Macbeth orders Macduffs castle be seized, and also sends murderers to slaughter Macduff and his family. Although Macduff is no longer there, Lady Macduff and his family are murdered  Ã‚   Act V   Lady Macbeth becomes overcome with guilt for the crimes she and her husband committed. She has taken to sleepwalking, and after entering the stage holding a candle, she laments the murders of Duncan, Banquo, and Lady Macduff, while also trying to wash off imaginary bloodstains from her hands. In England, Macduff learns of the slaughtering of his own family, and, stricken with grief, vows revenge. Together with Prince Malcolm, Duncans son, who raised an army in England, he rides to Scotland to challenge Macbeths forces against Dunsinane Castle. While encamped in Birnam Wood, the soldiers are ordered to cut down and carry tree limbs to camouflage their numbers. Part of the witches’ prophecy comes true.  Before Macbeths opponents arrive, he learns that Lady Macbeth has killed herself, causing him to sink into despair. He eventually faces Macduff, initially without fear, since he cannot be killed by any man born of woman. Macduff declares that he was from his mothers womb / Untimely rippd (V 8.15–16). The second prophecy is thus fulfilled, and Macbeth is eventually killed and beheaded by Macduff. The order is restored and Malcolm is crowned King of Scotland. As for the Witches’ prophecy concerning Banquo’s descendants, it is true in that James I of England, previously James VI of Scotland, descended from Banquo.

Rebut vs. Refute vs. Deny

Rebut vs. Refute vs. Deny Rebut vs. Refute vs. Deny Rebut vs. Refute vs. Deny By Sharon Theres often confusion between rebut and refute and both words may be misused when deny is most appropriate. Its true that they all have to do with negation, but thats where the similarity ends. To deny a statement is simply that. If I say all dogs are grey, then if you deny or contradict that statement all you have to do is say: No, theyre not. However, if you wanted to rebut my statement, you would have to provide a well thought out and reasoned argument that suggests that I might be wrong. This is used in debates, where speakers present evidence that supports a counter argument. In order to refute my statement about dogs, you would have to prove it wrong, perhaps by showing me a dog of a different color. Here are some quotations from publications around the web: Friday, Mr. Emanuel declined to speculate on whether the Trump administration would find another rationale to deny the city the grant - something that has never happened. Nor would he say if he thought that the administration (www.nytimes.com) in which I addressed questions from Congressmen about my testimony before the global warming committee, I had already refuted in detail the points now belatedly raised again by the scientists who have written to Congress. (www.theguardian.com) opportunity to present a counterpoint to Mr. Wolff. And she has broadly discussed with friends the idea of a book to rebut â€Å"Fire and Fury.† (www.nytimes.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowUse a Dash for Number RangesEnglish Grammar 101: Sentences, Clauses and Phrases

(Employment and Society) Discuss the significance of the psychological Essay

(Employment and Society) Discuss the significance of the psychological contract for the occurrence of emotional issues in the work situation - Essay Example bserved that each year more and more managers turn to these contracts to maintain and retain motivation in their workforce to achieve higher efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. An unspoken contract between the organization and the job holder begins at the recruitment level. This contract also plays a central role to maintain a healthier relationship between the manager and the job holder. As the nature of the employment changes, so does the psychological contract. Once the organization and the job holder get a thorough and deep understanding of the changing nature of the contract, it benefits both the parties, employers and employees. Psychological contract is the best way to understand and get a deeper knowledge regarding human responses, because these responses may result in some ambiguous challenges if not learned. This is a contract which proves to be really beneficial to control the emotional issues that are experienced in a work situation. Dealing with problematic issues between employers and employees, it makes their relationship stronger, removes communication barriers between them and results in increased efficiency, from both parties. This contract works well in both small and large groups within an organization. The issues which are emotionally laden can be treated and covered by this psychological contract. Unlike legal contracts, these psychological contracts have unspoken expectations. A psychological contract profoundly affects one thing the most - loyalty. It is because of this contract that parties expect, in one way or the other, that they need each other. This leads to interdependency among them and there is no doubt that interdependency is a key to manage dependency in a very mature relationship. The working staff will be able to answer one important question: ‘Who needs who and what?’ This helps in resolving many emotional issues in a workplace. Psychological contracts help an individual to maintain the right psychological

Human wk8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human wk8 - Essay Example Reeve (2009) states that identity plays a part in what people want to present to the world. How one perceived themselves, and how they will cope with a situation is self-efficacy. This becomes a motivating factor in situations where one has to deal with different situations. As an example, in my case, when dealing with difficulties in my life, I was able to overcome them because I could draw on my past experience. My self-esteem helped me "hang in there" when times were tough and this also helped in my developing an inner strength. I understand that how I have lived my life has given an opportunity for me to understand my inner strength. An individual is motivated to change when they are strong in themselves. Agency, the aspect of the self that provides the intrinsic motivation, is built as people go through life experience. Reeve (2009) states that this intrinsic motivation is what drives the individual. In order for change to occur, an individual must have something that will push them to it. This can be a death, a divorce or other traumatic situation, or the individual can move forward because there is something that motivates them to do so, such as a need to make more money or to develop different aspects of their lives. References Reeve. J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion (5th ed.). CA: Wiley. Assignment 3 My final project will discuss the education of teens in Liberia with an emphasis on female teens. The project will also discuss some of the history of education and what teens need in terms of education. As I continue my research, I wonder how these children will be motivated to change their lives. When thinking about self-efficacy theory, it is important to understand how social issues deal with this theory. The new president of Liberia has made the education of female children a priority. In order to understand the reason one has to look deeper into what has happened for these teens. Many girls have had to fight in their civil war. Other g irls have also been victims of rape, abuse and other criminal activity against them. The challenge for many children in this type of situation is to overcome these situations. Many will go to counseling and this may be something that would need to be factored into part of their education. When looking at behavior change for these children I think that they must first have an intrinsic need to change. This would come from a deep understanding that they could move out of any negative situation. According to Johnson (2004), behavior change comes when a situation happens that creates a feeling inside an individual that moves them forward. When I look at my own teenagers, I undersand that they do not change their behavior until they find a need to change their behavior. As an example, my girls used to fight between them until one of my girls felt they were hurting the other one's feelings. When this hit home for them, they began to get a long better. My children understand that there are other ways to work out their differences. When I think about the teenagers in Liberia, I understand that there needs to be a reason for them to change. The challenge may be that they have not had the experiences to move them to behavior change. However, through education, they may find a reason. The knowledge of self-efficacy theory will help me become more motivated to help teens in whatever country I decide to teach in. In order to motivate myself, I have an intrinsic

Time Management in College Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Time Management in College Education - Essay Example Proper time management in college may involve future planning, monitoring the allocation of available time, goal setting, and prioritizing tasks. Numerous tools, skills, and techniques will help the students to accomplish their goals and tasks within the set deadlines. Such methods may include goal setting, prioritizing tasks, monitoring the academic pursuit, creating a list, organizing a work schedule, and limiting procrastination. Through effective time management, college students will enjoy certain benefits that may include good performance, establishing a conducive learning environment, and focusing on priorities. Indeed, since there are numerous non-curricular commitments that limit the available study time, traditional students should embrace time management in their academic pursuit to ensure that they maximize the available study time. Indeed, the research paper will focus on the significance and direct association between time management and the provision of a college educa tion to first year traditional students.Ahmad, F. (2009). Time Management in Higher Education. Education, Business, and Society:The author in this peer review studies time management in higher education with reference to the credit hour system. In this context, the author explores in-class teaching time and course scheduling in Jordan's universities as seen in Jordan's higher educational system. Moreover, the author relates to time management with effectiveness and increased academic performance and productivity.

Humanitarian Cases in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humanitarian Cases in Africa - Essay Example Several different causes may have played a vital role in the stimulation of this famine, most prominent being lack of rain and inability of the Government officials to provide sufficient funds to the agricultural and irrigation schemes of the country. Out of the four countries majorly affected, the most affected one is Somalia, where at least 6 out of 10,000 children are dying everyday due to inadequate amount and poor quality of edible material. (BBC News 2011) The question here rises as to why is Somalia most affected by this nature’sdisaster? According to senior journalists and analysts, Somalia had become a failed state since its establishment collapsed in the earlier 1990s. Adding to the situation, the major areas of the country including Southern, Central and the famine affected areas are under the control of a militant group called â€Å"al-Shabab† which is said to have links with â€Å"al-Qaeda†. People of Somalia, after two decades of non-stop struggle for their land, were already in astate where they fought for their very existence everyday. And when one thinks that what would be worse than this, the al-Shabab group forces out most of the Western Agencies from the areas under their control in 2009, which were mostly working for the aid of the aboriginals.(BBC News 2011; Ross 2011) A major portion of the people living in countries of Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya, are pastoralists and nomads. They are mostly dependent on earning from livestock. But the intensity of the famine is so severe that even their drought-resistant camels also could not bear this famine and died. And their farms will now take many years of rain to recover to their previous state. The famine-hit areas of Somalia mostly receive rain in the month of November and the people who fled the famine are unlikely to return any time soon to plant crops in their fields. A prediction has been made by The Famine Early System Network that thewhole of Somalia is likely to experience a famine in the upcoming months.The area of Lower Shebelle which was considered as the bread-basket of Somalia has also been affected severely by the drought which forced many of the famers and businessmen to find an alternate for their home. (BBC News 2011) It has been reported that some 10,000 people have entered in the city of Mogadishu during the last two months with the plans of aiding the natives by several methods possible. While at the same time, danger and the fear of the al-Shabab group has made it difficult for the aiding agencies to perform their functions effectively. However it has been said that al-Shabab group has been escorted out of this city but still some armed members of this group can be seen patrolling certain areas. (Ross 2011) African pastoralists are among the most famine-vulnerable groups in the modern world. The long-term results of the famine crisis can be great or small, depending, in part, the form of relief. When famine strikes, the first problem which may arise is related to the transportation of food to the affected people. Can ways be found to offer relief to the pastoralists who discourage the formation of camps? For pragmatic reasons, donors or governments must institute food-for-work projects, how well can these involve the affected people in decisions regarding the o bjectives and beneficiaries of work? Where the traditional political leadership is credible and respected, can relief be administered in a manner which is more sensitive to such structures, even to the point of simply giving the relief food to the elders to distribute in a local fashion? The types of long-term development into which agencies and governments often drift

Social contract theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social contract theory - Essay Example Therefore in a political sense, the State is the representation of the means by which a group of individuals relate to each other out of the common will to live with other human beings in the community. Hegel views the State as the agent of true freedom for the individual. The basis of self consciousness in an individual, according to Hegel, lies not in his active thinking actions but in the active desires existing within the individual which are in negation. Hegel views self consciousness as desire and he believes that self consciousness can exist only through sublation in a referent other. The certainty of self and individual existence may be obtained through the gratification of the individual’s desires, however these are conditioned by the other; certainty exists only through the cancellation of the other, therefore if a cancellation of the desire is to be effected, there must be the other. (Hegel, 1967). Therefore Hegel does not view the individual a splaying a significant role in politics, except as a part of an institution, i.e, the State. The State is the form of inward self-expression of the people in an objective form. The validation of the individual would exist only in the form of recognition attained from others. For example, where individual ownership of property is concerned, such a property would belong to the person only to the extent that it is recognized by others, i.e, by the State. Being thus recognized by others symbolizes the individual’s struggle for recognition. The State in effect represents the subjective will of a collective group of people. Applying Hegel’s views, an individual’s nature is governed by desire and his self consciousness expresses itself in the form of the gratification of desires. However, according to Hegel, such gratification of desires can occur only in the context of some referent other, i.e, individual recognition is dependent upon recognition by others. In

Unit 13&14 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 13 - Essay Example The film scenario exemplified Andrew being discriminated from undertaking his responsibilities as a lawyer upon the discovery of his affliction. Besides being unfairly and unjustly prejudiced towards his condition, the case affected senior management, who wrongfully dismissed him, and society, in general, who scorned people afflicted with the disease. The lawyer, who Andrew initially approached to defend him, Joe Miller, played by Denzel Washington, was first apprehensive to take the case given the sensitivity of the issues. As it turned out, the court ruled in favor of Andrew and ordered the firm to award him for damages for wrongful dismissal. It is fortunate for Beckett to have been remunerated for the discrimination case filed in court. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2008) â€Å"proving a discrimination claim is inherently difficult, since the elements of proof are generally in the hands of the defendant, i.e. the employer† (5). Most victims choose to ignore the matter of filing appropriate cases due to the costs involved in pursuing discrimination cases. Regular-average-everyday Americans can make a profound difference to transform this country by acts of random kindness to others. With no thought of reward, the Good Samaritan in the Bible stops to help a man who has been beaten and robbed. That is the essence of an altruistic act: unselfishly giving help when it is needed, no strings attached. If each and every American believes in simple, unselfish acts, then each would be instrumental in making this nation a more conscientious one. Most men do some thing or behave in a certain way because we expect to get a reward for doing so. Naturally, one does not do something because the cost of doing it would be great. The leadership model that must be manifested in contemporary societies should assist in transforming the society through focusing on encouraging others

Social contract theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social contract theory - Essay Example Therefore in a political sense, the State is the representation of the means by which a group of individuals relate to each other out of the common will to live with other human beings in the community. Hegel views the State as the agent of true freedom for the individual. The basis of self consciousness in an individual, according to Hegel, lies not in his active thinking actions but in the active desires existing within the individual which are in negation. Hegel views self consciousness as desire and he believes that self consciousness can exist only through sublation in a referent other. The certainty of self and individual existence may be obtained through the gratification of the individual’s desires, however these are conditioned by the other; certainty exists only through the cancellation of the other, therefore if a cancellation of the desire is to be effected, there must be the other. (Hegel, 1967). Therefore Hegel does not view the individual a splaying a significant role in politics, except as a part of an institution, i.e, the State. The State is the form of inward self-expression of the people in an objective form. The validation of the individual would exist only in the form of recognition attained from others. For example, where individual ownership of property is concerned, such a property would belong to the person only to the extent that it is recognized by others, i.e, by the State. Being thus recognized by others symbolizes the individual’s struggle for recognition. The State in effect represents the subjective will of a collective group of people. Applying Hegel’s views, an individual’s nature is governed by desire and his self consciousness expresses itself in the form of the gratification of desires. However, according to Hegel, such gratification of desires can occur only in the context of some referent other, i.e, individual recognition is dependent upon recognition by others. In

Tv Food Essay Example for Free

Tv Food Essay Have you ever sat in front of the TV devouring tons of snacks and not even paid attention to how much you had already eaten? That is why this essay sparked my attention! I constantly find myself in front of the TV craving snacks and chomping away, not even thinking about how much I am eating. Dolly Mittal, Richard J. Stevenson, Megan J. Oaten, and Laurie A. Miller conducted an experiment to find out if our memory is a factor for what we’ve already eaten. One amnesiac patient HM started this idea when he sat down to eat a second meal immediately after consuming the first because he had forgotten he already had eaten. This experiment is trying to show that snacking while watching TV, in opposition to snacking while not watching TV, can lead us to eat more later on. They want to prove it is because the TV affects our memory of how much we snacked earlier. In experiment one they take thirty-two female women that are not dieting and not diabetic with a BMI between 18 and 25 and let them spend 20 minutes eating as much snack food as they want. They are given chocolate balls, pringles, coca cola, and orange juice. Half of these ladies did it watching a 20 minute TV episode and the other half did it sitting quietly. Afterwards the remains were taken and measured; both groups consumed around the same amount of snacks. Around one hour later they sat the ladies down to eat lunch which would include: sandwiches, biscuits, crackers and dip. They found the result they were looking for when the women who had watched TV earlier while snacking ate more of this meal than the ladies who had earlier snacked without the TV. The result was finale when the TV group also couldn’t remember how much they had snacked on during the time they watched the TV. In experiment two the experiment was very similar to experiment one except that they wanted to see if the type of TV show would affect anything. This time they had the ladies watch different types of shows- funny, sad, and boring. The results were very similar to the first experiment and they learned that the type of TV show made no difference to the food they consumed. It was confirmed that when normal weight non-dieting females snack while watching TV, they later consume more food on a TV free meal than participants who snacked without TV. Also, participants who watched TV while snacking were less accurate in remembering the amount of snack food they had consumed. Something that I thought was interesting about this experiment is that it doesn’t work on men. In the journal it is mentioned that men take a different approach to this and try to eat as much food as possible, yet in the beginning the amnesiac patient HM that Hebben reported was a male. I didn’t like that the women fasted before they came to do the experiment. It is not a real life situation. Most of the time when I’m snacking in front of the TV I might have already eaten before that or I am just about to eat. Also If I knew that this experiment was all about food – I do not know if I would have eaten what I normally do. I might have been embarrassed and not given correct information. There is no way to make this experiment work 100% but that is how it is with most experiments. They conclude †Our data suggest that TV probably exerts some as yet unspecified effect on participants’ ability to recall earlier bouts of food consumption, leading to over consumption on a later TV free test meal. As TV viewing is associated with eating in so many different ways and as over consumption of food is a major problem in most industrialized nations, it would seem important to study exactly how this occurs. â€Å" Obesity is a HUGE problem in our country and I think that this could possibly have something to do with it. Even small children are watching TV now with a bag of chips in one hand and a soda in the other. Our nation is constantly getting fatter. Now when I sit in front of the TV I will think about what I’m eating and apply what I know to help me consume the right amount of food.

Sensor Technology for Mineral Exploration

Sensor Technology for Mineral Exploration 1. Introduction Significant contribution is done by satellite remote sensing in the field of mineral exploration viz. Geological faults, fractures and mapping, which are associated with the ore deposits based on spectral signature, (Farooq and Govil 2013; Magendra and Sanjeevi 2014; Murphy and Monteiro 2011, Le Yo et al., 2011) the spectral signature helps in the recognizes hydrothermal altered rocks (Sabins, 1999). The multispectral remote sensing exhibits differences in spectral signatures which are insufficient spectral resolution for the hydrothermal altered mineral mapping (Clark, 1999). The Multispectral sensors viz. Landsat TM, ETM+, ASTER image processing helps in iron oxides mapping, the spectral ranges 1.55-1.75 Â µm and 2.08-2.35 Â µm is important for iron mapping (Gupta, 2003). The hyperspectral images provide a higher spectral resolution the the multispectral images (Clark et al., 1990; Magendra and Sanjeevi 2014; Van der Meer 2012). The discovery of new hyperspectral sensor technology in terms of both sensor and technical development has provided the opportunity to revisit previous remote sensing approaches for the mineral exploration as well as for the development of improved methods. Hyperspectral sensors have hundreds of channels, aircraft and satellite platforms which provide unique spectral datasets, and which are helpful in analyzing the surface mineralogy mapping (Goetz et al., 1985; Kruse et al., 2003; Debba et al., 2005, Vaughan et al., 2003). The airborne sensors like AVIRIS, HYDICE and Satellite sensor like Hyperion are used for mapping geology, snow etc. Hyperspectral remote sensing aims at providing the requirements like spectral, spatial and radiometric empower, measuring in terms of range, sampling, response, stability, uniformity, precision and accuracy. With the help of hyperspectral remote sensing we can find different minerals viz iron oxides, micas, chlorites, amphiboles, talc, serpentines, c arbonates, quartz, garnets, pyroxenes, feldspars and sulphates (Eva Papp and Cudahy 2002; Magendran and sanjeevi 2014; Hubbard and Crowley 2005). EO-1 Hyperion is the first Space based hyperspectral sensor, and it was launched on 21 November 2000 (Ungar et al., 2003). The Hyperion image has 30m spatial resolution, 242 channels and 7.7 km swath. The hyperspectral (Hyperion) sensor with 0.4-2.5Â µm spectral range, i.e. visible-near infrared (VNIR) spectrometer (approxmeterly0.4-1.0Â µm) and one short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer (approximately 0.9-2.5Â µm) (EO-1 User guide) in which some minerals and rocks show good absorption and reflectance, due to variation in physicochemical properties, which help in their exploration mapping (Clark et al., 1990; Hunt et al., 1971). The spectral reflectance one can detect and identify the Earth surface and atmospheric constituents to measure the reflected spectra’s component concentration. We can find the distribution of the component and validate by improving models. The processing of Hyperion image is a challenging task as it consists hundreds of channels. The selection of required channels with its good apparent reflection requires good skills. The direct measurements of atmospheric properties are rarely available, and there are some techniques which surmise them from their imprint on hyperspectral radiance data. These properties are used to constrain highly accurate models of atmospheric radiation transfer to produce an estimate of the true surface reflectance. Moreover, atmospheric corrections of this type can be applied on a pixel by pixel basis since each pixel in a hyperspectral image contains an independent measurement of atmospheric water vapor absorption bands. There are different models available viz QUAC, 5S, 6S, ATCOR, ATREAM, HATCH, EFFORT Polishing, FLAASH etc (ITTVis, 2010). FLAASH is a MODTRAN4-based atmospheric correction software package, which provides accurate, physics-based derivation of apparent surface reflectance, through derivation of atmospheric properties such as surface albedo, surface altitude, water vapor column, aerosol and cloud optical depths, surface and atmospheric temperature from hyperspectral imaging data. FLAASH uses the most advanced techniques for handling particular stressing atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of clouds, cirrus and opaque cloud classification map adjustable spectral polishing for artifact suppression. The Hyperion image consists of a huge number of data sets which are supposed to be reduced dimensionally. The techniques like Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform are used to reduce the number of spectral dimensions to be analyzed. The pure pixels are the most spectrally extreme pixels (Broadman et al., 1995), which spectrally correspond to the mixing end members. These end members form the base for the n-Dimensional visualization, and each selected end members are spectrally matched with USGS spectral library. The near visible near infrared image (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral range cover the features of iron bearing minerals, hydroxyl bearing minerals sulphates and carbonates. The iron ores and iron bearing minerals have characteristic spectra in the 850nm to 950 nm wavelength (Magendran and Sanjeevi, 2014). The ferric iron minerals hematite (Fe203) has distinct spectral curves in the visible near-infrared image (VNIR), which is caused by absorptions and induced by crystal field transitions at about 465 nm, 650 nm and 850–950 nm (Townsend, 1987). The paper presents an attempt for mapping iron oxides in Chitradurga Schist belt by using the Hyperion image. The iron distribution mapping is made with the standardized hyperspectral methodologies. An attempt is also made by taking the spectra of iron in-vitro and compared it with the USGS spectral libraryfor mappingiron distribution. The Spectral Angle Mapper Classification (SAM) is an automated method of comparing the image spectra with the individual spectra, or a spectral library (Boardman 1992; Kruse et al 1993). SAM treats both individual spectra, spectral library spectra and calculates as vectors and its spectral angle. Since the SAM algorithm uses the only vector direction and not the vector length. The result of the SAM classification is an image showing the best match at each pixel. This method is typically used for determining the mineralogy and works better in the areas of identical regions. The USGS maintains a large spectral library composed of mineral and soil types, which has image spectra and can be compared directly. 1.1 Study Area and image data The lithology of the Chitradurga schist belt 13036’25’’N and 760 35’49’’E belongs to both Bababudan and Chitradurga Groups. (Figure 1) The Bababudan Group of rocks represented by metabasalt-quartzite formations and NNW trending synclinal Kibbanahalli BIF formation, wrapping around the Chikkanayakanahalli (CN Halli) gneiss and joining the main CN Halli belt near Dodguni (Radhakrishna, 1967; Srinivasan and Sreenivas, 1975; Seshadri et al., 1981; Ramakrishnan and Vaidynadhan, 2008). Chitradurga Group covers most of the CN Halli schist belt, represented by quartz-sericite-chlorite schist, quartzite, carbonates, Mn formations and BIF overlies Bababudan Group (Devaraju and Anantha Murthy, 1976, 1977). EO-1 Hyperion level 1 radiometric (L1R) product having 242 bands covering CN Halli area acquired on 14 April 2011 was used. The image covers the spectral range of 0.4 to 2.5Â µm at 10 nm bandwidth. However, only 155 of them are calibrated from visible-to-infrared (VNIR) and short wave-infrared (SWIR) regions. (Table 1) (EO-1 User Guide, 2003).

Body Image in African American Women Essay -- Health Weight Essays

Body Image in African American Women Body image is an important facet in understanding the phenomenon of eating disorders. Body image concerns are important in the etiology and treatment of eating disorders and obesity (Smith, Thompson, Raczynski, and Hilner, 1997; Thompson, 1997). The construct of body image reflects the level of satisfaction one feels regarding his or her body. Body image is a multidimensional construct. It involves race, socioeconomic status, age, as well as, perceptual and attitudinal components. For this reason, research has been done to dispel the myth that all women have a negative body image. Rather, as has been shown, there are definite differences in the perception of body image and self-concept, especially across racial lines. The claims of most studies suggest that African-American women generally have a greater tolerance or acceptability for higher body weight. In addition, African-American women are also thought to place less importance on body size in the scheme of their overall body imag e, and there are more likely to be satisfied if they are at a higher body weight, and still regard themselves as attractive. Research not only confirms these statements, but also draws attention to other important, culturally- relevant factors, such as age in relation to other cultural forces such as, different attitudes and behaviors that shape the body images of African-American women. Finally, since research shows that body image is an important aspect in the etiology of eating disorders and obesity, its influence and the cultural forces and components behind it should be taken into account in treatment and for future research. According to Altabe’s (1996) study, there are differences in body image th... ...en’s desire to be thin. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 191-5. 7. Smith, DE, Thompson, JK, Raczynski, JM, Hilner, JE. (1999). Body image among men and women in a biracial cohort: the CARDIA study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25, 71-82. 8. Stevens, J., Kumanyika, SK, & Keil, JE. Attitudes toward body size and dieting: Differences between elderly black and white women. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1322-5. 9. Striegel-Moore, RH., Schreiber, GB., Pike, KM., Wilfley, DE.,& Rodin J. (1995). Drive for thinness in black and white preadolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 59-69. 10. Williamson, L. (1998). Eating disorders and the cultural forces behind the drive for thinness: Are African-American women really protected. Social Work in Health Care, 28, 61-73. Body Image in African American Women Essay -- Health Weight Essays Body Image in African American Women Body image is an important facet in understanding the phenomenon of eating disorders. Body image concerns are important in the etiology and treatment of eating disorders and obesity (Smith, Thompson, Raczynski, and Hilner, 1997; Thompson, 1997). The construct of body image reflects the level of satisfaction one feels regarding his or her body. Body image is a multidimensional construct. It involves race, socioeconomic status, age, as well as, perceptual and attitudinal components. For this reason, research has been done to dispel the myth that all women have a negative body image. Rather, as has been shown, there are definite differences in the perception of body image and self-concept, especially across racial lines. The claims of most studies suggest that African-American women generally have a greater tolerance or acceptability for higher body weight. In addition, African-American women are also thought to place less importance on body size in the scheme of their overall body imag e, and there are more likely to be satisfied if they are at a higher body weight, and still regard themselves as attractive. Research not only confirms these statements, but also draws attention to other important, culturally- relevant factors, such as age in relation to other cultural forces such as, different attitudes and behaviors that shape the body images of African-American women. Finally, since research shows that body image is an important aspect in the etiology of eating disorders and obesity, its influence and the cultural forces and components behind it should be taken into account in treatment and for future research. According to Altabe’s (1996) study, there are differences in body image th... ...en’s desire to be thin. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 191-5. 7. Smith, DE, Thompson, JK, Raczynski, JM, Hilner, JE. (1999). Body image among men and women in a biracial cohort: the CARDIA study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25, 71-82. 8. Stevens, J., Kumanyika, SK, & Keil, JE. Attitudes toward body size and dieting: Differences between elderly black and white women. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1322-5. 9. Striegel-Moore, RH., Schreiber, GB., Pike, KM., Wilfley, DE.,& Rodin J. (1995). Drive for thinness in black and white preadolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 59-69. 10. Williamson, L. (1998). Eating disorders and the cultural forces behind the drive for thinness: Are African-American women really protected. Social Work in Health Care, 28, 61-73.

The Birthmark Essay: The Theme -- Birthmark Essays

â€Å"The Birthmark† – The Theme  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, â€Å"The Birthmark,† the dominant theme is love conquering self, though there is also present the theme of alienation resulting from the evil within mankind. This essay intends to explore, exemplify and develop this topic.    Hyatt Waggoner in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne† states:    Alienation is perhaps the theme he handles with greatest power. â€Å"Insulation,† he sometimes called it – which suggests not only isolation but imperviousness. It is the opposite of that â€Å"osmosis of being† that Warren has written of, that ability to respond and relate to others and the world. . . . it puts one outside the ‘magic circle’ or the ‘magnetic chain’ of humanity, where there is neither love nor reality (54).    Waggoner’s theme of alienation does play a part in the tale, but the theme which dominates is that of love conquering self as exemplified in Georgiana’s growing love for Aylmer. Her love transforms her very soul. â€Å"Everything he has to say is related, finally, to ‘that inward sphere’† (McPherson 68-69). â€Å"When he desired to build the kingdom of God, he looked for the pattern of it, not in history nor in the fortunes of those about him, but in his own heart (Erskine 180).    In the opening paragraph of â€Å"The Birthmark† the narrator introduces Aylmer as a scientist who â€Å"had made experience of a spiritual affinity more attractive than any chemical one.† Hawthorne’s description of the scientist’s love for Georgiana is apt, for love is just that – spiritual. And the theme of this tale is a spiritual one. Through the course of the story Aylmer declines spiritually, while Georgiana advances spiritually.    Even after Aylmer has â€Å"persuaded a be... ...John. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† In Leading American Novelists. New York: Books For Libraries Press, 1968.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Birthmark† Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=HawBirt.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1    McPherson, Hugo. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Waggoner, Hyatt. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† In Six American Novelists of the Nineteenth Century, edited by Richard Foster. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.    Williams, Stanley T. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.         

Between Two Lamentations Essay

The â€Å"Lamentation of Christ† is one of the most popular subjects in the realm of Christian Art. It became extremely popular from the 11th century to the early 18th century, encompassing vast art periods from the Byzantine art period under the Medieval era of art, to the Baroque period of the Renaissance. Numerous works have been created, centering on this one scene that is of great import, not only to the Christian community but to the art world itself. One of the most popular scenes in Christian history, the Lamentations showcases Jesus Christ, brought down after just having died on the cross. His mother Mary is shown often with Jesus in her arms weeping and mourning the death of her son. Surrounding them are several other mourners, comprising of Christ’s friends and family. As it is also a popular episode in the life of Christ, it is also included in many depictions of the Life of Christ, a form of Christian art that serves as a narrative or an early form of sequential art that tells the story of Jesus Christ from his conception to his resurrection and ascension into Heaven. This led to many different artists coming up with different versions of the scene. The numerous renditions of the same scene, scattered from the 11th century to the 8th century, is a good way o gauge the development of art at a fixed period of time. One of the first few examples is a fresco in the Church of St. Panteleimon, a small Byzantine church in Macedonia. The painting was made by an anonymous artist, known only as â€Å"Meister von Nerezi† or â€Å"Master of Nerezi†. The piece, Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon, was done in 1164 which was the Middle Byzantine period. During the time, Christian art revolved around a strict set of rules which restricted many artistic ideas, and as the setting was that of the period of changes to the Byzantine style, the art for the Master of Nerezi’s Lamentation piece was something relatable to â€Å"Maniera Byzantina† (Lasareff 279). Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon (1164) Obvious within his work is the ability to evoke feelings of empathy and even sympathy from its beholders, perfectly capturing the essence of mourning and overall sadness of the scene. This despite the image’s adherence to the strict formal rules of Byzantine art. It also features a more definitive sense of emotion as opposed to other works of the era which tended to keep a more solemn depiction of things. Also of note is the Master of Nerezi’s composition of the piece, having Mary hold Jesus tightly, arms wrapped around the dead body, while a disciple bends over to hold his dead master’s hand to his face. The resulting placement of subjects evokes a spatial setting that proves schematic and well thought-out. Giotto’s â€Å"Lamentation† on the other hand, is a fresco showcased at the Arena Chapel in Padua, and is one of the most popular Lamentation pieces created. It too depicts the mourning of Jesus Christ, portraying him laid on the ground right after dying from his crucifixion, surrounded by friends and family, with Mary at his side, mourning and expressing great sadness in their faces. Giotto di Bondone, or simply Giotto, as he is more widely known, was a famous artist in the late Middle ages who specialized in painting and architecture. His works attributed to his being considered one of the first artists whose works led to the eventual birth of the Italian Renaissance, the period which signaled the end of the Medieval ages and gave rise to Early Modern Europe. The â€Å"Lamentation† is one of the best examples of his work, which was famous for the fuller, more three-dimensional style of painting that would only become more prominent in the Renaissance period, which wasn’t to become popular until around century after Giotto. (Webmuseum 2010) â€Å"The Lamentation† (1305 – 1306) Dating back to around 1305 – 1306, Giotto’s work on the†Lamentation† featured Christ being held by Mary, Jesus Christ’s mother, at the head, and possibly Mary Magdalene at the feet as the woman is shown with red hair and Mary Magdalene is known to have washed Jesus’ feet. In terms of the painting’s composition, Giotto focused on the sad scene of mourning in the lower left area, having Jesus and Mary framed by the six other people who are seemingly spaced appropriately to bing the viewer’s attention to the Mother and Son. Surrounding them are disciples of the fallen savior, as well as hallowed saints – all of them in mourning, effectively conveying the overall mood of sadness about the image. Immediately behind the gathered crowd is a scraggly rock mound – its sharp, downward line leading to the images focal point of Jesus and Mary. Above them are angels, flying around with sad,mourning, grieving faces, their figures notably foreshortened to denote a deeper, more three-dimensional feel to the piece. Looking back at the fresco done by the Master of Nerezi, the Italo-Byzantine style of art is still most obviously definitive in his work: basically two-dimensional whilst combining elements of the Byzantine art style with those of the natural world, the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon features a flat-looking image which is iconic in its nature. Done during the Comnene Dynasty of rule which lasted from 1025-1204, the Master of Nerezi’s Lamentation was timely as due to the Comnenans being staunch supporters of the arts, the general art direction went towards the depiction of emotions, with themes such as the Lamentation and the Virgin and Child being among the most popular of the day. Whereas Giotto’s work was done as a part of a series depicting the Life of Christ, which was part of the Arena Chapel whose interiors were decked with frescoes by Giotti. It was finished in 1306, during that time when the Byzantine style of art was still somewhat prevalent among artists. Considering the relative gap between the creation of the two Lamentation pieces, it isn’t surprising to find that there is a huge difference between the two art styles used – where one used a more traditional Byzantine style of flatness while the other utilized a more realistic and natural mode which was at the time, a style of the artist’s own – but considering that at the time of Giotti’s work, the style used by the Master of Nerezi was still what was of standard, then it denotes a significant leap forward in the art medium. Both pieces being of the same topic which is the Death of Jesus Christ, the overall theme of sadness and mourning over a death is reflected effectively by means of expressing emotion on the faces of the characters as depicted by their frowns and sad eyes and faces. Their postures are also indicative of the plight they are going through in the image. Also common is the disciple leaning in to meet his master’s hand,hence the posture of bending over, creating a line that leads to the point within the image wherein Mary keeps her face close to the dead Christ. In the case of the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon, despite being tied to the art style of the Byzantine times then which often featured religious pieces in symmetrical compositions, the image remains asymmetrical as is common in Lamentation pieces. Perhaps the major difference in terms of the subject matter for both images is that there are more characters in Giotto’s piece. Aside from Jesus’ friends family, and disciples who mourn by his side, in Giotto’s version, angels decked in bright colors are flying around above them, sobbing and weeping as well. In general, both paintings clearly get the message across to the beholders, and almost always evokes feelings of sadness and understanding from its onlookers as well. In summary, the analysis of the two paintings which are different renditions of two different artists on the same theme, gives a peek of what the development of art styles was at the time. From the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon by the Master of Nerezi in 1164’s Byzantine style of art, to the groundbreaking realism and classicism as well as the incorporation of three-dimensional elements in Giotto’s â€Å"Lamentation,† it shows that art, like many other aspects of human culture and society, also develops at a rate that coincides with the development of humanity as a whole. Works Cited â€Å"History of Painting† History World 22 May 2010. http://www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories. asp Lasareff, Victor. â€Å"Early Italo-Byzantine Painting in Sicily. † The Burlington Magazine for Connoiseurs Vol. 63 No. 369 (1933) â€Å"Giotto di Bondone† Webmuseum 22 May 2010 http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/giotto/ â€Å"Arena Chapel† Britannica Encyclop? dia Online 22 May 2010 http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/33443/Arena-Chapel

Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the United States government that protects human health and the environment. It also writes the rule and makes sure that it is followed. The industry regulations are set by A federal standards. The US federal emission standards for engines and vehicles, including standard for greenhouse gas emissions, are established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA authority regulates engine emissions and the air quality based on the clean air act in 1990. The noncompliant behavior addressed in the article state that â€Å"Germany top domestic automakers may have evaded emissions rules†. Follow by weeks later another article, state that â€Å"BMW's x5 model, built in 2009 to 2013 and BMW 330D model, sold in 2009 to 2011. All the of the models emit levels of nitrogen oxide higher than their gasoline counterparts†. The development of engine emission standard happen when a procedure of the US rule creates it. New regulation is published as proposed rules, then follow by a time of public discussion. Furthermore, the new rule is finalized and signed into law. In the BMW noncompliant case German prosecutors, the United State Justice Department and EPA searched and seized potential evidence at BMW headquarter in Austria. Follow by United State Justice Department files class action lawsuit in a New Jersey court for alleged emissions cheating on diesel vehicles. The BMW vehicles promised power, fuel economy, and efficiency are obtained only by turning off or turning down emission controls when the software in there vehicles senses that they are not in an emissions testing environments. The enforcement of the problem that cause the raid were software had been installed by mistake, and the company had not intentionally tired to deceive regulators. During internal testing, â€Å"BMW realized that a correctly developed software module had been allocated in error to models. BMW would recall about 11,000 cars containing the software fix the problem†. Governance, risk management and compliance is an organization approach across three areas: Governance, risk management and compliance. It is an integrated collection of capabilities that enable an organization to reliably achieve objectives. It is referred to keeping the company on track, activities manage in department such as internal audit, compliance, risk, legal, finance, IT, HR, and executive suite. â€Å"The compliance challenges are in five different areas: Organizational for a complex business process supporting financial operations are often linked to complex IT systems that are still manual and paper driven. Psychological are most decision makers look at regulation as extra constraints to their operations. Financial are a critical element is the cost implication. Technical can create a flexible framework that can nurture a business can serve well for the regulators. Political and public pressure on regulators are certainly other factors. New political may mean some will regulation will be withdrawn from the market and now ones can be introduced.† The BMW Group's corporate culture is clear with responsibility, mutual respect and trust. Lawful conduct and fair competition are integral to our business activities and an important condition for securing the long-term success of our company. BMW Group also established a compliance management system equipped with instruments and measure to help associates and managers handle legal risks and therefore ensure legal compliance. Regulatory Specialist for â€Å"Oasis Petroleum† – This position is responsible for state and local environmental and regulatory permitting in support of oil and gas operations. The duties will include regulatory reporting at the State and Federal levels. The job functions are responsible for the preparation and tracking of all regulatory operations. Meet with government officials in the regulatory department to ensure company strategy align with rulemaking.Coordinate regulatory hearings and proceedings. Make certain all annual updates, renewal, and reports are submitted to state and local municipal entities. Keep company informed of any changes to permit requirements to ensure compliance. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the United States government that protects human health and the environment. It also writes the rule and makes sure that it is followed. The industry regulations are set by A federal standards. The US federal emission standards for engines and vehicles, including standard for greenhouse gas emissions, are established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA authority regulates engine emissions and the air quality based on the clean air act in 1990. The noncompliant behavior addressed in the article state that â€Å"Germany top domestic automakers may have evaded emissions rules†. Follow by weeks later another article, state that â€Å"BMW's x5 model, built in 2009 to 2013 and BMW 330D model, sold in 2009 to 2011. All the of the models emit levels of nitrogen oxide higher than their gasoline counterparts†. The development of engine emission standard happen when a procedure of the US rule creates it. New regulation is published as proposed rules, then follow by a time of public discussion. Furthermore, the new rule is finalized and signed into law. In the BMW noncompliant case German prosecutors, the United State Justice Department and EPA searched and seized potential evidence at BMW headquarter in Austria. Follow by United State Justice Department files class action lawsuit in a New Jersey court for alleged emissions cheating on diesel vehicles. The BMW vehicles promised power, fuel economy, and efficiency are obtained only by turning off or turning down emission controls when the software in there vehicles senses that they are not in an emissions testing environments. The enforcement of the problem that cause the raid were software had been installed by mistake, and the company had not intentionally tired to deceive regulators. During internal testing, â€Å"BMW realized that a correctly developed software module had been allocated in error to models. BMW would recall about 11,000 cars containing the software fix the problem†. Governance, risk management and compliance is an organization approach across three areas: Governance, risk management and compliance. It is an integrated collection of capabilities that enable an organization to reliably achieve objectives. It is referred to keeping the company on track, activities manage in department such as internal audit, compliance, risk, legal, finance, IT, HR, and executive suite. â€Å"The compliance challenges are in five different areas: Organizational for a complex business process supporting financial operations are often linked to complex IT systems that are still manual and paper driven. Psychological are most decision makers look at regulation as extra constraints to their operations. Financial are a critical element is the cost implication. Technical can create a flexible framework that can nurture a business can serve well for the regulators. Political and public pressure on regulators are certainly other factors. New political may mean some will regulation will be withdrawn from the market and now ones can be introduced.† The BMW Group's corporate culture is clear with responsibility, mutual respect and trust. Lawful conduct and fair competition are integral to our business activities and an important condition for securing the long-term success of our company. BMW Group also established a compliance management system equipped with instruments and measure to help associates and managers handle legal risks and therefore ensure legal compliance. Regulatory Specialist for â€Å"Oasis Petroleum† – This position is responsible for state and local environmental and regulatory permitting in support of oil and gas operations. The duties will include regulatory reporting at the State and Federal levels. The job functions are responsible for the preparation and tracking of all regulatory operations. Meet with government officials in the regulatory department to ensure company strategy align with rulemaking.Coordinate regulatory hearings and proceedings. Make certain all annual updates, renewal, and reports are submitted to state and local municipal entities. Keep company informed of any changes to permit requirements to ensure compliance.

Training and Devolopment with Reference to “Apcpdcl”

A PROJECT WORK ON TRAINING AND DEVOLOPMENT WITH REFERENCE TO â€Å"APCPDCL† The thesis report submitted on the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION By HEMALATHA Y Reg. No 110277202005 Department of Business Management ST. THERESA’S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (Affiliated to Andhra University) ELURU 2010-2012 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Miss. Y. Hemalatha, Student of â€Å"Ch. S. D. St. Theresa’s college for women, Eluru† has done the Project work titled TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT at APCPDCL, under my guidance during the period of 5th May 2011 to 5th July 2011. She has been sincere, dedicated and her conduct throughout the study during the above period has been excellent. Internal project guide Head of the department Mrs. Renuka Mrs. R. S. Saraswathi. External Examiner Director of PG Courses Dr. Marietta Pudota DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project report entitled â€Å"TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT† a bonafide work done for â€Å"APCPDCL† located in Hyderabad submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of â€Å"MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION† DATE: PLACE: Hyderabad Y. Hemalatha ACKNOWLEDGEDMENT I behold to express my gratitude to Dr. R. S. Saraswathi, Head of the Department, Dept. of Management. It’s my pleasure and a bound duty to acknowledge with all my humility, my grateful thanks Project guide Dr. Renuka. I wish to thank and H. R. D Department for providing this opportunity to do my project and for taking special care and interest in my project work in their esteemed organization. I am grateful and thankful to for all the above for their support and kindness they offered during my term of the project. INDEX CHAPTER-I * Importance * Need for the study * Objectives of the study * Sampling and methodology CHAPTER-II * Company profile * Industry Profile CHAPTER-III * Concept of Training and Development * Areas of Training * Training Methods * Models of Training * Benefits of Training * Concept of Development * Importance of Training and Development CHAPTER-IV * Process of Training and Development followed by APCPDCL * Data interpretation and analysis Training and Development CHAPTER-V * Summary * Findings * Suggestions CHAPTER-V * BIBILIOGRAPHY * QUESTIONNAIRE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT India is a land enriched with an abundant supply of human resource. One of the major impacts on production is the human sector. It has been recognized as a principle instrument in the fulfillment of the targets of the plan and in the achievement of the economic progress generally. Hence it is more the welfare of the employees and to prevent the main problems. An organization whether small or large, be it a business or an industrial enterprise, needs for its growth, survival and continuance four improvement M’s * MONEY * MATERIAL * MACHINERY and * MEN Primarily, success or failure of an organization mainly depends upon combination of the above four factors. Of which, I feel, managing men is critical and challenging task because of the dynamic nature of the people. No two persons are similar in their mental abilities, traditions, sentiments and behavior and are subject to many and varied influences, people are responsive, they feel, think and act and therefore they just cannot be operated like a machine or shifted and altered like a template in a room layout. Human beings differ from one another in basic metal abilities, personality, interest, skills, attitudes, aspirations, energy, education, training, experience and behavior. Because of these varied traits human beings are complex in their behavior and in their psychological make-up and when they interact with one another in a group or an organization, this complexity is multiplied. Because of these diversified factors, human beings have to be handled with great care and art of handling men was traditionally called as â€Å"personal management† but it is called as â€Å"human relations or human engineering. † Knowledge of people, their usage’s and behavior is the first step in developing the human relations. NEED FOR THE STUDY * To gain optimum utilization of human resource by measuring their training and development. * As the ultimate desire of every employee is for their hike (wages and salary). * To know the training and development and wages and salary administration of employees in the APCPDCL. * In human resource management employee is to be treated as an assent of the organization. Along with the training and development of the employee by the organization affects the moral of the employee and productivity of the organization. In such situation the expectation of the employee, which are described in job Description should not be ignored. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are: * To study and analysis the philosophy of employee training and development of APCPCL * To study the process of wage and salary administration that was followed by APCPDCL * To understand various strategies APCPDCL with fulfilling with fulfilling the need of Training and development need of the employees. * To compare the standards of APCPDCL with international standards. To study & analysis the philosophy of employee training and development of APCPDCL SAMPLING AND METHODOLOGY: A Survey of 100 respondents out of 514 employees at Corporate Office in produced by APCPDCL. By the way of random method was conducted. Data collection: After identifying the research objectives the next step is to identify the methodology for data collection. Data Sources: For the successful completion of the project, the study is in need fo r both primary as well as secondary data. Primary Data: Primary data collected through interviewing the employees in APCPDCL. In that sense 100 respondents through questionnaire. Secondary Data: The process of secondary data is also called desk research, which was collected and stored earlier. Questionnaire Design: To study the view on the â€Å"Training and Development† of APCPDCL. Researches used structured undisguised question wise most of the questions were of simple and the respondents are free to express their ideas. LIMITATIONS The study has its own limitations: * It is limited to small sample that is 100 respondents from a large number of populations in company with in a time frame of few days. The duration of project was limited for only two months. * The study is only on academic point of view. * The study is based on primary and secondary data. * Respondents may not be in a position to respondent in favor of the questionnaire. COMPANY PROFILE Central Power Distribution Company of A. P. Limited was formed from the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board (APSEB) which was a power su pply company to the other sector Industries, Agriculture and for Home needs. On 01/02/1999, the APSEB has been divided into two wings. They are 1. APGENCO 2. APTRANSCO APGENCO It is a Subsidiary of APSEB. It generates Power from different sources such as Water, Coal, etc. the generated Power from the APGENCO will be sold to APTRANSCO which is also Subsidiary of APSEB. APTRANSCO It is also a Subsidiary of APSEB. It buys Power from APGENCO and it resells to the Distribution Companies. There are four Distribution Companies under Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board which distributes power for all over Andhra Pradesh. Central power distribution company of Andra Pradesh Limited hyderabad Northern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited – Warangal. Southern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited – Thirupathi. Eastern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited – Vishakapatnam. These four companies are distributing power to their concerned area for each distribution company there is one Chairman & Managing Director and four or five Directors to control the Operation of Power Distribution Companies. Apart from them a Public Relation Officer and a Company Secretary is also there. APTRANSCO controls all four Distribution Companies to maintain uniformity among the companies. APGENCO is an Independent Organization. CENTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY OF A. P. LIMITED, HYDERABAD. Vision of APCPDCL To be one of the India’s best Power utilities, satisfying the customer’s needs and powering states growth. Mission of APCPDCL To be a Powerful Distribution Company in the Electricity sector through: – Make available reliable and quality Power – Continuously develop competent and committed human resources to match best Standards. * Adopt State-of art technologies for improved productivity. The core values of the Organization are, * Customer Focus * Organization Pride Mutual Respect and Trust * Initiative and Speed * Total Quality With a vision to fulfill the expectations of the Government, the Central Power Distribution Company of A. P. Limited, Hyderabad which came into being on 1st April 2000 as a sequel to the A. P. Electricity Reforms Act,1998 with an objective of Electricity to the people at an affordable price. With its headquarters at Hyderabad, the APCPDCL encompasses an area of Seven Districts viz. , Anantapur, Kurnool, Mahaboobnagar, Nalgonda, Medak, Ranga Reddy and Hyderabad catering to the power requirements 57. million consumers. APCPDCL has a vast infrastructure facility in its operating area with 972 Nos. 33/11 KV. Sub-stations, 1, 459 Nos. of Power Transformers, 522 Nos. of 33KV Feeders, 3, 676 Nos. of 11KV Feeders and around 1,60,983 Nos. of Distribution Transformers of various capacities. A number of new initiatives for improving the quality supply of Power were introduced by APCPDCL such as * Pass books to individual customers * Electronic spot billing * Voluntary disclosure schemes * Web enable customer service centers * Tie up with e-sevas centers for bill payment Electronic control and complaint center etc. * Tins, Mats, Cap. * Vidyut sadassus, Sub-stations wise making Having electrified 6,489 Villages, 5,600 General hamlets, 2,059 Tribal hamlets, 12,105 Daliwatdas and 5,806 Weaker Sections Colonies, APCPDCL is looking forward to me et many challenges with promised to deliver quality customer services through innovative programs. The philosophy of APCPDCL is to continuously striving to enhance is performance emerged stronger by the day to offer its customers the best and value for money. The company is managed by a Board of Directors consisting of the following members. * Chairman & Managing Director: Mr. .M. T. Krishna Babu, I. A. S. , * Director (HRD&OPW/GH): Mr. K. Venkatanarayana, B. E. , * Director (P & MM): Mr. KH. Ghulam Ahmed, B. E. , * Director (Commercial): Mr. A. Srinivas Rao, B. E. , * Director (Finance ): Mr. P. Rajagopal Reddy * Director (Operation-Rural): Mr. B. Veera Reddy, B. E. , * Director (Coordination): Mr. B. Ravindra Reddy, B. E. , * Director (Projects & IT): Mr. G. Raghuma Reddy, B. E. , Licensed Area Covering seven districts in Rayalseema and Telangana areas including twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad i. e. , capital of Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool, Mahaboobanagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy and Hyderabad totally 86,800 SQ. KM. Customer Services: * Apply for new connection * Apply for transfer of service * Centralized trouble call center * Round the clock service * Spot billing Customer Information: * Electricity tariff * Fuse off call officers * Electricity saving tips * Official mail id * Citizens charter * Electrical safety Online Services: * Know your bill * Online bill enquiry Online bill calculation * Online bill payment Certain provisions in the Electricity Act 2003 such as open access to the transmission and distribution network, recognition of power trading as a distinct activity, the liberal definition of a captive generating plant and provision for supply in rural areas are expected to introduce and encourage competition in the electricity sector. It is expected t hat all the above measures on the generation, transmission and distribution front would result in formation of a robust electricity grid in the country. TRAINING AND DEVELOPTMENT TRAINING: Training is concerned with imparting and developing specific skills for a particular purpose. Training encompasses activities ranging from the acquisition of a single motor skill up to the development of a complex technical knowledge inculcation of elaborate administrative skills and the development of favorable attitudes towards the organization. Training is a learning experience in that it seeks relative permanent change in an individual that will improve his ability to perform the job. It involves change of skills, knowledge, attitudes and social behavior. TRAINING DEFINED It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviours to enhance the performance of employees. Training is activity leading to skilled behavior. †¢ It’s not what you want in life, but it’s knowing how to reach it. †¢ It’s not where you want to go, but it’s knowing how to get there. †¢ It’s not how high you want to rise, but it’s knowing how to take off | | †¢ It may not be quite the outcome you were aiming for, but it will be an outcome †¢ It’s not what you dream of doing, but it’s having the knowledge to do it It's not a set of goals, but it’s more like a vision. †¢ It’s not the goal you set, but it’s what you need to achieve it Training is about knowing where you stand (no matter how good or bad the current situation looks) at present, and where you will be after some point of time. T raining is about the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) through professional development. | FEW DEFINITIONS:- A planned process to modify attitudes, knowledge or skills behavior through learning experiences to achieve effective performance in an activity a range of activities. Its purpose, in the work situation, is to develop the ability of the individual and to satisfy the current and future needs of the organization. (Man power services commission 1981) The purpose of teaching new employees the basic sills need to perform their jobs. (Gary Dessler 1985) Training consists of planned programmes designed to improve performance at the individual group and/or organizational levels, which in turn gives measurable changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes and/or social behavior. (Wayne Cascio, 1995) Training is an art of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular work. Peter F. Drucker) Training is the act of increasing the skills of an employee for doing a particular job. (Flippo) Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job. (Arun Monappa and Saiyadain) PURPOSE OF TRAINING:- In the modern co-operative environment the necessity or training employees may arise for different rea sons as follows: a. To enable existing employees and new recruits to under take operations involving new technology. b. To adopt the existing methods and techniques to changing needs. c. To improve the efficiency of work performance by employee. d. To achieve higher productivity. e. To reduce supervision time, minimize spoilage and wastage of material. f. To develop the potential abilities or work-men etc. , AREAS OF TRAINING:- 1. Training in company policies or procedures:- The objective is to orient new employees with the set of rules Procedures, management, organization structure, environment and products, which the Form has and/ or deals with. Orientation is a continuous process aimed at the adjustment of all employees to new and changing situation. It aims to impart the facts Of company rules of policy, to create attitudes or confidence in the company, pride in its information about needs or skills, development, quality of production and work organization. 2. Training in particular skills:- Training f employees for particular skills is under taken to enable the employees to be more effective on the job. It is here and now proposition, some what like induction training, which does not have a very significant development a certain contribution to the job, for instance, sales training and machine skills. 3. Training in human relation:- Training is a broad category embracing many different aspects. Self-learning and inter-personal competence can be included in this category, all concerned with generally the some theme. It stresses a concern for individual relationship for feeling and treating . people as â€Å"Human Beings† rather than a machine. Not only in this concern and awareness in one’s attitude and behavior conductive to better work place relation but also to enhance productivity. This category of training is oriented towards the development of the individual and consequently the organization’s efficiency in terms of better team work. 4. Problem-solving training:- Many companies’ programmes also revolve around organizational units, like divisions or branches, which generally handle a product line. The practice is to call together all managerial, personnel, in a particular division/branch from both the head quarters and the field offices and discuss common problems and solutions across the table This is not only helps to solve problems, but also serve as a from for the change of ideas and information, which could be utilized in other situations. 5. Managerial and supervisory training:- The managerial job combines both techniques and conceptual knowledge. If it were of a specialist, it would emphasize. Some techniques and knowledge like operations, research, finance, production and personnel management. 6. Apprentice training:- The apprentice act, 1961 was based on the philosophy of providing some technical for unskilled people in order that there employment opportunity is enhanced, or alternatively to help them be self-employed. Industrial organization in specified industries is required to train apprentice in promotion to their work force in designated trades. The duration of training is 1 to 4 years. TRAINING METHODS/TECHNIQUES On the job method This type of training is also known as job instruction training in the individual is placed on a regular job and taught, the skills necessary to perform that job on the job training has a advantage of giving first hand knowledge and experience under the actual working conditions. (a) Job Rotation:- This type of training involves the movements of the trainee from one job to another. The trainee receives job knowledge and gains experience from his supervisor or Trainer in each of the different job assignments. This method gives an opportunity to the Trainee to understand the problems of employee on other jobs and respect them. b) Coaching:- The trainee is placed under a particular supervisor functions s a coach in training the individual, the supervisor provides feed back to the trainee in his performance and offers him some of the duties and responsibilities of the coach and relieves him of his burden. A limitation of this method of training is that the trainee may not have the freedo m or opportunity to express his own ideas. (c) job- instruction:- This method is also known as training through step by step. Under this method, trainee explains the trainees the way of doing the jobs. Job knowledge, skills and also him to do the trainee, provides feed back information and corrects the trainee. Off the- job method Under this method of training, trainee is separated from the job situation and his attention in focused upon learning the material related to his future job performance. (a) Vestibule training:- In this method, actual work conditions are stimulated in a classroom. Material, Files and equipment those are used in actual job performance are also used in training. This type of training is commonly used for training for clerical and semi-skilled jobs. b) Role- playing:- It is defined as a method of human interaction that involves realistic behavior In imaginary situation. This method of training involves action, doing and practice. The particular play the role of certain characteristics, such as the production manager, mechanical engineer, fore – men and the like. This method is mostly used for developing inter-actions and relations. (c) Lecture method: - This lecture is a traditional and direct method of instructions. The instructor organizes the material and gives it to a group of trainees in the form of a talk to be effective. The lecture must motivate and create interest among the trainees. An advantage of lecture method in that it is direct and can be used for a large group of trainees. Thus costs and time involved are reduced. (d) Confidence discussions:- It is a method of training the clerical professional and supervisory personnel. This method involves a group of people who possess ideas, examine and share facts, ideas and data. Test assumptions, and draw conclusions, all of which contribute to the improvement of job performance. Discussions has the discussion involves two-way communications and feed back is provided. e) Programmed Instructions:- The subject matter to be learnt is presented in a series of carefully planned sequential units. These, units are arranged from single to more complex levels of instructions. The trainee goes through these units by answering questions or filling in the blanks. This method is expensive and time consuming. MODELS OF TRAINING The system model consists of five pha ses and should be repeated on a regular basis to make further improvements. The training should achieve the purpose of helping employee to perform their work to required standards. The steps involved in System Model of training are as follows: 1. Analyze and identify the training needs i. e. to analyze the department, job, employees requirement, who needs training, what do they need to learn, estimating training cost, etc The next step is to develop a performance measure on the basis of which actual performance would be evaluated. 2. Design and provide training to meet identified needs. This step requires developing objectives of training, identifying the learning steps, sequencing and structuring the contents. | | Evaluating 3. Develop- This phase requires listing the activities in the training program that will assist the participants to learn, selecting delivery method, examining the training material, validating information to be imparted to make sure it accomplishes all the goals ; objectives. 4. Implementing is the hardest part of the system because one wrong step can lead to the failure of whole training program. 5 each phase so as to make sure it has achieved its aim in terms of subsequent work performance. Making necessary amendments to any of the previous stage in order to remedy or improve failure practices. TRANSITIONAL MODEL Transitional model focuses on the organization as a whole. The outer loop describes the vision, mission and values of the organization on the basis of which trainingmodei. e. innerloopisexecuted. Vision – focuses on the milestones that the organization would like to achieve after the defined point of time. A vision statement tells that where the organization sees itse lf few years down the line. A vision may include setting a role mode, or bringing some internal transformation, or may be promising to meet some other deadlines. Mission – explain the reason of organizational existence. It identifies the position in the community. The reason of developing a mission statement is to motivate, inspire, and inform | | the employees regarding the organization. The mission statement tells about the identity that how the organization would like to be viewed by the customers, employees, and all other stakeholders. Values – is the translation of vision and mission into communicable ideals. It reflects the deeply held values of the organization and is independent of current industry environment. For example, values may include social responsibility, excellent customer service, etc. | | | The mission, vision, and values precede the objective in the inner loop. This model considers the organization as a whole. The objective is formulated keeping these three things in mind and then the training model is further implemented. | | INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT MODEL (ISD) MODEL Instructional System Development model was made to answer the training problems. This model is widely used now-a-days in the organization because it is concerned with the training need on the job performance. Training objectives are defined on the basis of job responsibilities and job description and on the basis of the defined objectives individual progress is measured. This model also helps in determining and developing the favorable strategies, sequencing the content, and delivering media for the types of training objectives to be achieved. The Instructional System Development model comprises of five stages: 1. ANALYSIS – This phase consist of training need assessment, job analysis, and target audience analysis. | | 2. PLANNING – This phase consist of setting goal of the learning outcome, instructional objectives that measures behavior of a participant after the training, types of training material, media selection, methods of evaluating the trainee, trainer and the training program, strategies to impart knowledge i. e. selection of content, sequencing of content, etc. | | | 3. DEVELOPMENT – This phase translates design decisions into training material. It consists of developing course material for the trainer including handouts, workbooks, visual aids, demonstration props, etc course material for the trainee including handouts summary. . EXECUTION – This phase focuses on logistical arrangements, such as arranging speakers, equipments, benches, podium, food facilities, cooling, lighting, parking, and othertrainingaccessories. 5. EVALUATION – The purpose of this phase is to make sure that the training program has achieved its aim in terms of subsequent work performance. T his phase consists of identifying strengths and weaknesses and making necessary amendments to any of the previous stage in order to remedy or improve failure practices. The ISD model is a continuous process that lasts throughout the training program. It also highlights that feedback is an important phase throughout the entire training program. In this model, the output of one phase is an input to the next phase. | | BENEFITS OF TRAINING:- * It leads to improved profitability and/or more positive attitudes towards profit motivation. * Improves the job knowledge and skills at all levels of the organization. * Improves the morale of the work force. * Helps in creating a better corporate image. * Faster’s authenticity, openness and trust. * Improve the relationship between bosses and subordinate * Aids in organizational development Learns from trainee * Aids in understanding and carrying out organizational polices * Provides information for future needs in all areas of the organization * Organization gets more effective decision-making and problem solving * Aids in developing leadership sill motivation, loyality, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display * Helps keep costs down in many areas, e. g. , production, personnel, and administration etc. , * Develops a sense of responsibility the organization for being competent and knowledgeable. * Improves labour-management relation Reduces outside consulting costs by utilizing competent internal consulting * Stimulates preventive management s opposed to putting out fires eliminates Sub-optimal behavior (such as hiding tools) * Aids in handling conflict, thereby helping to prevent stress and tension. Importance of Training Objectives Training objective is one of the most important parts of training program. While some people think of training objective as a waste of valuable time. The counterargument here is that resources are always limited and the training objectives actually lead the design of training. It provides the clear guidelines and develops the training program in less time because objectives focus specifically on needs. It helps in adhering to a plan. Training objectives tell the trainee that what is expected out of him at the end of the training program. Training objectives are of great significance from a number of stakeholder perspectives, 1. Trainer 2. Trainee 3. Designer 4. Evaluator | | Trainer – The training objective is also beneficial to trainer because it helps the trainer to measure the progress of trainees and make the required adjustments. Also, trainer comes in a position to establish a relationship between objectives and particular segments of training. | | | Trainee – The training objective is beneficial to the trainee because it helps in reducing the anxiety of the trainee up to some extent. Not knowing anything or going to a place which is unknown creates anxiety that can negatively affect learning. Therefore, it is important to keep the participants aware of the happenings, rather than keeping it surprise. Secondly, it helps in increase in concentration, which is the crucial factor to make the training successful. The objectives create an image of the training program in trainee’s mind that actually helps in gaining attention. Thirdly, if the goal is set to be challenging and motivating, then the likelihood of achieving those goals is much higher than the situation in which no goal is set. Therefore, training objectives helps in increasing the probability that the participants will be successful in training. Designer – The training objective is beneficial to the training designer because if the designer is aware what is to be achieved in the end then he’ll buy the training package according to that only. The training designer would then look for the training methods, training equipments, and training content accordingly to achieve those objectives. Furthermore, planning always helps in dealing effectively in an unexpected situation. Consider an example; the objective of one training program is to deal effectively with customers to increase the sales. Since the objective is known, the designer will design a training program that will include ways to improve the interpersonal skills, such as verbal and non verbal language, dealing in unexpected situation i. e. when there is a defect in a product or when a customer is angry. Therefore, without any guidance, the training may not be designed appropriately. Evaluator – It becomes easy for the training evaluator to measure the progress of the trainees because the objectives define the expected performance of trainees. Training objective is an important to tool to judge the performance of participants. | | DEVELOPMENT In day’s competitive environment, an organization has to be concerned about the development. Development in the preparation and education of manage to effectively manager their people while at the same time achieving the strategies and goals of their company. Development in a continuous processes and seeks to being about behavior change in trainee managers by cultivating their mental and inherent qualities. The Major Qualities Of The Development Programme Are: * The continuing improvement and development of present managers * Provisions of an adequate number of well-qualified managers for the future. * Optimum utilization of manpower of the organization * Prevention of managerial obsolesces An effective development programme to achieve to above mentioned objectives should include the following: * A carefully considered plan and organization and for carrying out the programme. A periodic appraisal or evaluation of each manager regarding his performance in the various stages of development under the programme * A continuous application and support from top management A number of management methods are available. Anyone of them can contribute to the objectives of the organization but only if the techniques are prudently selected, diligently and rigorously evaluated. Often techniques are used in the combination in long-term development programme. Some of these techniques are: * Coaching and counseling * Job rotation * Conference / discussion * Programmed and computer aid instruction * Role-playing Team group training Coaching and counseling: This is one of the most popular management development techniques where effective senior manager teach the new managers. The coach superior sets a good example of what a manager does while doing about daily business. The new manager exemplifies the correct behavior attitudes, assigned specific and challenging goals and provides trainees with frequent and immediate feedback concerning their job performance. The coach also delegates enough authority to the trainees to make some decision. This approach not only provides opportunities to learn but also allows a feeling of self-confidence to develop. Job Rotation:- Management –trainers and educationalist, has often preached ‘move the manager around’ when the manager is moved from one department to another, it gives him from a broad exposure to the strength and weakness of the company and much better understanding then he could otherwise possess. Guided conference / Discussion:- The guided discussions type of conference in an improvement over straight lecturing, the instructor known in advance what information or procedure he wants to bring our, and guides the discussion accordingly. Programme and computer aid instructions:- Programmed instructions are based on certain behavioral laws that relate to principles of reinforcement. The important feature of programmed instruction is that it Provides immediate feedback on whether the participants answered correctly or not. To facilitates this, the instructors are designed in such a way that all future learning. Programmed instructions can have been developed in computer aided format. In such a format, managers sit at a computer terminal with a monitor. The computer is programmed with the training materials. The potential for computer based training is virtually unlimited. It is generally agreed that because of such advantage as self-pacing, privacy, immediate feed back convenience and adoptability it will became one of the most popular training and development approaches available. Role-Playing:- In which roles as assigned to trainees to act out as they would do in their real life. It is helpful in training managers to deal with human relation management. Participants learn to appreciate others point of view. They experience a situation emotionally. It makes them more self-conscious and analytical in their behavior. It also permits the participants to show imaginations and care in finalizing solutions. Team group training:- This technique is also known as sensitivity training, laboratory training and executive action. Team group training is concerned with the real note stimulated problem existing with in the team group itself. It helps participants to learn about themselves their weaknesses and emotions to develop insights in to how they react to other and also how others react to them, to find out how to behave more effectively in inter personal relations to develop more open, authentic relations among people. T-group are really small discussion groups with no set leader, they have no fixed and mutual impact of the participants. But T-group training involves creation of stress situation, which go out of control. Importance of Training and Development †¢ Optimum Utilization of Human Resources – Training and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the employee to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. †¢ Development of Human Resources – Training and Development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources’ technical and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the employees in attaining personal growth. Development of skills of employees – Training and Development helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of employees at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of Human intellect and an overall personality of the employees. | | †¢ Productivity – Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the employees that helps the organization further to achieve its long-term goal. †¢ Team spirit – Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the employees. Organization Culture – Training and Development helps to develop and improve the organizational health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the organization. †¢ Organization Climate – Training and Development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the organization. The employees get these feelings from leaders, subordinates, and peers. †¢ Quality – Training and Development helps in improving upon the quality of work and work-life. †¢ Healthy work-environment – Training and Development helps in creating the healthy working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals aligns with organizational goal. †¢ Health and Safety – Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety of the organization thus preventing obsolescence. †¢ Morale – Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force. †¢ Image – Training and Development helps in creating a better corporate image. †¢ Profitability – Training and Development leads to improved profitability and more positive attitudes towards profit orientation. †¢ Training and Development aids in organizational development i. . Organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving. It helps in understanding and carrying out organizational policies †¢ Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. | Human Resource Development Boundary: From the determination of training of needs to providing the training through to the assessment of the effectiveness of the training imported. PROCESS OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT THAT IS FOLLOWED BY APCPDCL. The Chief General Manager (HR ; IR), the General Manager (IR ; Legal), the DE/CPTI and other officers are taking care of the resources to train, qualify, and develop the employees in APCPDCL. The annual budget on training sector of CPDCL is increased for this year(2011) is 2. 61 crores from 62. 5 lakes of previous annual budget of training sector. The company has following two types of training. They are: 1) In-House Trainings, and 2) External Trainings In-House Trainings: The company has its own training centre that is CPTI,it was located at GTS colony in Hyderabad. It is one of its kind and is fully equipped with following are 1 Mess (full fledged) 7 Lecture houses with a capcity of 360 parx 69 Individual hostel rooms 3 Suite rooms for guests The company has spent approximately 7 crores for the development of infrastructure at CPTI. CPTI DE(CPTI) AE(Tech) AS(CPTI)P;G| Sub-Division IAE I| Sub-Division IIAE II| AO(CPTI)Accounts| | Maintaince staff| Maintaince staff| | SUB-DIVISION I :- Under this, ADE and AE organize the following programs for the employees of APCPDCL likeINDUCTION Programmes REFRESHER Programmes MONTHLY Programmes UN PLANNED or TAILORE MADE Programmes I. INDUCTION TRAINING:- The newly recruited employees under direct recruitment, compassionate appointment and medical invalidation are given Induction training. The period of this training is generally 1 month or 25 working days. The roles and responsibilities of the recruitees are discussed along with the eagle-eye description of the works to be carried-out by them in APCPDCL.. In this programme,the trainees will be given the four types of Training. They are†¦.. * Room training * Live demos of various technical items in the lab at CPTI. Field visits to EROs, Section offices, etc. * On shore training: Interaction with the personnel working in the fields. These are giving to the employees to get the awareness for how to check with practical knowledge. II. MONTHELY or REGULAR PROGRAMMES :- The regular programmes will be conducted for the employees to gain the indepth knowledge and practical knowledge on work job. usually this programmes conduc ted about 3 to 5 days. III . REFRESHER TRAINING :- This type of training will be given to the employees for indepth study but less in number with comparison to regular programmes. The maximum number of days is 7 to 15 days on depending upon the number of participants and cader of the departments also considered. IV. UN PLANNED or TAILOR MADE PROGRAMMES :- Whenever there is a need of training on some special programs to get the awareness to the employees CPDCL will organize the un planned or tailor made programmes like Rajiv Gandhi Graama Vidyuth Yojana and M O U side programmes SUB-DIVISION IIAt this division the company organizes the MOU with side programmes. The main two programmes are†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1) The National franchiese programmes ) The National training programme for C;D employeesIn this division the ADE/AE will plans to get the funds to the company through marketing of lecture halls means giving the lecture halls to other organizations on rent basis. The sub-division caders has to create the tailor made programmes for outside organizations based on their requirement. The also comes under Sub-division II i. e Indoor and Out door labs for technicality purpose. EXTERNAL TRAINING The outside training shoulb be approved by the CMD;BOD. Whenever there is a suitable programme for the employee of CPDCL the management favours in takes the decision favoure to the programme. Generally CPDCL has been deputed personnel for the programmes organized by organizations like ESCI (engineering staff college of instistute) ASCI (administrative staff college of institute) CIRE (central institute for rural electrification) etc are at Hyderabad. BESCOM CPRI NTPC(national thermal power corporation) TETRA TECH MYS YADE INSTRUMENTS JAIPOR PRODUCTIVITY COUNCILL etc are outside of the Hyderabad. DATA INTERPRETATION OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT TABLE 5. 1 Respondent’s opinion on training facilities available in organization. S. NO. | OPTIONS| RESPONDENTS| | 1| Excellent| 25| | 2| Good| 75| | 3| Poor| 0| | | | | | Interpretation: The question was asked regarding their feeling about their training facilities at their Organization. 25% expressed that they are proud to work there, and 75% expressed happy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . TABLE 5. 2 Respondent’s opinion on training programme useful for day-to-day activities. S. NO. | OPITIONS| RESPONDENTS| | | Highly Satisfied| 26%| | 2| Satisfied| 60%| | 3| Not Satisfied| 14%| | Interpretation: In the above table there is an indication of percentage about the answers obtained from the employees about the training programmes conducted in the company and it is found that 86% of the people are happy with the training and those who are not satisfied with training programs are14%. TABLE 5. 3 Respondent’s opinion about training helps in personal development. S. NO. | OPTIONS| RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| To Large Extent| 60| 60%| 2| To Some Extent| 10| 10%| | Very Little Extent| 30| 30%| Interpretation: 60% of the employees opinioned that training helps in personal development, 10% of the employees opinioned that training may or may not help in personal development. And 30% of the employees do not feel that training help in personal development. From this we can identify that maximum number of the employee vote for training helps in personal development. TABLE 5. 4 Respondent’s opinion on improvement in their performance after attaining training programme. S. NO. | OPTIONS| RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Excellent| 70| 10%| | Good| 10| 70%| 3| Satisfactory| 20| 20%| Interpretation: The above question is about the improvement in performance after training program. Because it is very important for the smooth flow of work to ultimate result 70% of the employee opinioned that performance after attaining the trainer is good. 10% of the emplo yee said that there will not be any difference in the performance after or before. 20% of the employee said that performance is better before attaining training. TABLE 5. 5Respondent’s opinion to what extent the training programme helped in your job. S. NO. OPTIONS| RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| To Large Extent| 65| 65%| 2| To Some Extent| 35| 35%| 3| Very Little Extent| 5| 5%| Interpretation: The above question is to know about the helpfulness of training requirement for the employees in the FFF organization. 65% of the employee opined that training helps in their job and 35% of the employee viewed that it may or may not help, and 5% of the employees opined that training does not help in their job. TABLE 5. 6 Respondent’s opinion on faculty available for training from inside the organization or from outside the organization? S. NO. | OPTIONS| RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Excellent| 35| 35%| 2| Good| 15| 15%| 3| Satisfactory| 50| 50%| Interpretation: Faculty affects the productivity of an employee, so that he can put his better effort than previous, it improves moral of an employee. There the table indicates 35% of the employee feel that trainer should be from out side the organization 15% of the employee feel that trainers should be from inside the organization. 50% of the employees should be from both, out side and from inside the organization. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TABLE 5. Respondent’s opinion to what extent the equipment, company adopts new technology? S. NO. | OPTIONS| RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| To Large Extent| 60| 60%| 2| To Some Extent| 35| 35%| 3| Very Little Extent| 5| 5%| Interpretation: When a person may have skill to be utilized then there should be required equipment, but it might not be recognized by an organization unless utilized skill leads to loss to both the organizat ions and individuals, intention behind asking this question is to advice the organization to try to recognize the needs of 60% of people which are to be utilized for your organization. TABLE 5. 8 Respondent’s opinion on criterion for giving training? S. NO| OPTIONS| Respondents| Percentage| 1| Company overall development| 10| 10%| 2| Company improvement| 60| 60%| 3| Future career growth| 30| 30%| Interpretation: The work load should not be over loaded and under loaded; work should be assigned to a worker taking in to consideration of job description, which is concerned on training criteria. 10%, 60%, 30% of people have expressed their high satisfaction, satisfaction and dissatisfaction respectively. TABLE 5. Respondent’s opinion about on the job training or off the job training? S. NO. | OPTIONS| Respondent's| Percentage| 1| On the job training| 15| 15%| 2| Off the job training| 50| 50%| 3| Both a & b| 35| 35%| Interpretation: Quality of job training has nearest relationship with the on the job training and off the job training which leads to high training, the above tables show the highly satisfied employees are 15%, satisfied employees are 50% are 3 5% number of employees is not satisfied regarding their quality of training. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TABLE 5. 10 Respondent’s opinion on training, which is provided by FFF on the safety programmes are very much helpful for your personal life or at the work place? S. NO. | OPTIONS| Respondents| Percentage| 1| Only for personal life| 5| 5%| 2| only for work place| 40| 40%| 3| Both a & b| 55| 55%| Interpretation: Training should be very effective in any organization, which leads to discipline in organization, so that training facilities affect the productivity of individual employee’s personal life. In FOODS, FATS & FERTILIZERS there is a lot of dissatisfaction regarding safety programmes. It is need to be improved. CHAPTER-4 SUMMARY SUMMARY I have done a study on â€Å"TRAINING† and â€Å"DEVELOPMENT† a concept of human resource management In â€Å"APCPDCL†, which is located at Hyderabad. The importance of the study of the† Training and development is the emergence of new climate in the economic environment. In this study the concept of training and development was used as an umbrella for describing various personal policies and practices. The major source of data for the training and development in APCPDCL is questionnaire. The data was given by the employee is based upon their perception on the different items in the questionnaires. The questions were asked about their training levels of employees regarding the factors, which affect the training and on their development of the employee’s work life. From the above analysis it is clear that the performance of the company is quite good in all sectors. The training for all the departments like technical awareness and behavioural finally shows a change in the work of all the employees. This training is planed in such a way that all the employee’s show interest in learning new things. The training helps employees in learning new things. Moreover the company is also supporting the employees in their industrial visits too, where the family members of the employees are also allowed. Keeping view of the company’s awareness, it has geared itself for a multifaceted growth achieving productivity of human resource. FINDINGS * It is observed that most of the employees are satisfied with the training practices of the organization. * It is observed that most of the respondents who are satisfied with the TRAINING facilities in the organization. It is observed that most of the employees are satisfied with the working conditions in the organization. * It is observed that more than half of the employees are satisfied with the salaries and other benefits provided by the company. * Expected return on the training progrmmes is being achieved. * The Company’s training institute, CPTI is one of its kind and is fully equipped with audio-video enhancements in the Lecture halls, hygienic hostel rooms and best quality food, good refreshments and cooperative staff. * The Company has a training policy of 3 to 5 mandays of training for each and every employee. The Company is organizing TAILOR-MADE programmes whenever necessary to its employees to strengthen, update and refresh their knowledge. * The personnel are deputed for External trainings by the management when suitable programmes are being organized by various organizations irrespective of their location i. e. , either at Company’s headquarters (Hyderabad) or outside like Delhi, Jaipur, etc. * the company is currently upgrading itself from SAP 4. 7 to SAP 6. 0 Version which includes HCM, Trainings etc. * The model followed in CPDCL is SYSTEM Model. SUGGESTIONS The employment of retired employees should be in limit because they do not have more responsibilities when compared to the regular employees, thus we can reduce the average age of the employee. It helps in increasing the skill of the e mployee. * While recruiting the employees, preference should be given to both the qualifications and experience of the prospective employee. * Motivational camps should be done for the employees for reducing absenteeism. * Separate training for semi-skilled, UN skilled then they have some talent in a particular field. ANNEXURE Bibliography Questioner BIBLIOGRAPHY IJTD MAGAZINE- Indian Journal of Training and Development P. Subbarao – Essentials of Human Resource Management And Industrial Relations V. S. P. Rao – Human Resource Management, text & cases Mizra S Saiyandain – Human Resource Management Keith Devis – Behaviour of Men at Work QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Name : Age : Qualifications : Designation : Period of Training (in days) : Service in FFF (in years) : 1) What is your opinion on training facilities available in your organization? a) Excellent b) Good c) Poor 2) What is your opinion about your working conditions or environment? a) Highly satisfied b) satisfactory c) Not Satisfactory 3) To what extent you found the training program useful for day-to-day activities? ) Highly Satisfied b) Satisfied c) Not Satisfactory 4) Do you feel training department provides a congenial for learning? a) To Large Extent b) To Some Extent c) Very Little Extent 5) Do you feel that training helps in personal development? a) To Large Extent b) To Some Extent c) Very Little Extent 6) How do you find the change or improvement in your performance after attaining training program? a) Excellent b) Good c) Satisfactory 7) How do you find training program helped content designed? a) Excellent b) Good c) Satisfactory 8) To what extent the training program helped in yo ur job? ) To Large Extent b) To Some Extent c) Very Little Extent 9) What is your opinion on faculty available for training program? a) Excellent b) Good c) Satisfactory 10) What is your opinion on infrastructure available in FOODS, FATS & FERTILISERS organization for the training program? a) Excellent b) Good c) Satisfactory 11) To what extent the equipment, company adopts new technology? a) To Large Extent b) To Some Extent c) Very Little Extent 12) What were the criteria for giving training? a) Company overall development b) Company improvement c) Future career growth 3) You requires on the job training or off the job training? a) On the job training b) Off the job training c) Both a & b 14) Training requires only new employees or existing employees? a) New Employees b) Existing Employees c) Both a & b 15) The training, which is provided by FFF on the safety programmed, are very much helpful for your personal life or at the work place? a) Only for personal life b) Only for work p lace c) Both a & b 16) Is management staff participated with you in training programme? a) Yes b) No c) Comment 7) Are you feel it necessary to participate management with you in training programme? a) Yes b)No c) No comment 18) Trainers come from outside or your employers only? a) Our employers b) Outsiders c) Both a & b 19) How could that the atmosphere also plays a vital role in training programme? a) Yes b) No c) No comment 20) After training the management will motivate or leave you? a) Motivates us b) Leaves us c) No comment 21) Are you requiring only safety measures training or technical training? a) Safety training b) technical training c) a & b